Profiles of Attribution of Importance to Life Roles and Their Implications for the Work-Family Conflict by Rachel Gali Cinamon Free Essay Example, 2500 words

Civil status is not an adequate measure for the presence or absence of possible stress, hence, the study should have explained its preference for married people. It is possible to be non-married and yet be a parent. The study made an elaborate method of grouping until it arrived initially at four groups, only to delete one that had very little numbers. This may be counted as efforts in ruling out elements that might compromise the research. Utilized by the study was the Life Role Salience Scale (LRSS: Amatea, et al. , 1986) supposed to assess four roles: work, spouse, parent, and housework. Therefore, what the study should have considered for analysis were those responses from PARENTS and not those of married persons only as indicated in their method. The reason for this is that married persons-but-not-parents may water down the response results. Under the parent role for those who are married-but-not -parents, for example, how did they answer these questions and how were their answ ers analyzed? This question is raised more so in the fact that the Measures used has a 10-item scale that taps each of the four roles. We will write a custom essay sample on Profiles of Attribution of Importance to Life Roles and Their Implications for the Work-Family Conflict by Rachel Gali Cinamon or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

Biology Folio Form Four - 3877 Words

TECHNOLOGY USED IN FOOD PRODUCTION The efforts by Various Agencies to Diversity Food Production ULAM Ulam or vegetable salad consists of fresh leaves , fruits , and other plant parts which are eaten raw . Examples of ulam include : pegaga ( Centella asiatica ) [pic] shoots of papaya [pic] kacang botol [pic] petai ( Parkia speciosa ) [pic] kemangi ( Ocimum sanctum ) [pic] Ulam is rich in mineral ions , vitamins and fibre . some of these plants are used in the preparation of herbal medicines and drinks . FACTS ABOUT pegaga , jering and pucuk kaduk ! Pegaga is now recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) as an herb thought to generate intelligence in children than can help blood circulation and improve skin health .†¦show more content†¦They are low in cholesterol . Examples of freshwater fish are : Tilapia [pic] Jelawat [pic] Haruan [pic] Methods used to improve the quality and quantity of food production DIRECT SEEDING [pic] Direct seeding spring cereal at Dewalds farm near Davenport , WA Direct seeding is a method in which the seeds are shown directly into the soil by using special machines . The seeds are covered with soil as they are being sown . This method does not involve the transplanting of seedlings and therefore results in less damage to the roots of the seedlings . The plants achieve faster growth and this increases crop yield . Less water is also needed to irrigate the fields . This method is widely used in the planting of paddy to obtain higher yields of rice . HYDROPHONIC [pic] Hydrophonics is a commercial technique for growing certain crop plants in culture solutions rather than soil . The roots of the plants are immersed in a solution which contains all the macronutrients and micronutrients in the correct proportions . The culture solution is aerated to provide sufficient oxygen for respiration . [pic] THE HYDROPHONIC METHOD The nutrient solution is pumped into the container for a given period of time . The growing medium absorbs the nutrient solution , and the nutrient solution is then allowed to drain away . THE NEW DESIGN OF HYDROPHONIC GARDEN [pic] AEROPONICS [pic] Aeroponics is a modifiedShow MoreRelatedThe Research Methods Of Internet Articles1554 Words   |  7 PagesThere were four research methods that were used in this research question. The use of internet articles, email interview, library books and visits to the museum. Out of all those research methods, the most effective was the internet articles and the visits to the SA museum. In this evaluation the four research methods will be discussed in details along with their pros and cons. Internet articles were one of the main research methods, and it was chosen because using search engines such as googleRead MoreLgbt19540 Words   |  79 Pagesadding new letters, and dealing with issues of placement of those letters within the new title. Part of a series on | Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender(LGBT) people | | Sexual orientation | * Homosexuality * Demographics * Biology * Environment | History | * LGBT history * Timeline * Social movements | Culture | * LGBT community * Coming out * Pride * Slang * Symbols * Gay village | Rights | * Laws around the world * Marriage * UnionRead Morepreschool Essay46149 Words   |  185 Pagesfor success in school. Visual and Performing Arts Domain The foundations for visual and performing arts address a wide range of competencies that preschool children xiii will need support to learn. The foundations focus on the following four strands: †¢ Visual Art, which includes noticing, responding to, and engaging in visual art; developing skills; and creating, inventing, and expressing through visual art †¢ Music, which covers noticing, responding to, and engaging in music;

The cause and effect of internet on the business Free Essays

The internet, this great invention that leads our world these days, is taking a great place in our daily life. Social networks, blogs, and wikis is a few example of what the internet network include. In managerial perspectives, a lot of research found that the internet is the key role in business world. We will write a custom essay sample on The cause and effect of internet on the business or any similar topic only for you Order Now It has a lot of cause and effect on the strategies of the companies. It is the mean to the company for competing in the market, gaining competitive advantage in the mind of the customers, and organizing the company structure in general. Recent research reveals that, the increased number of employee in companies is lead to a great conflict in their task. So that, the first cause of using internet network inside the companies is to organize the employee task, making sure that everyone complete his/her job, and increased the degree of controlling the employee by their top managers. Companies can do all that by using work flow system leading by intranet connecting inside the company. Although, increased number of employee is one of the causes using internet in business, On the other hand, there are a lot of another causes justify using it. For example, increasing competition in market and the want of companies to be market leader is a great issue in new business world. The first cause of using internet in business is the increase of competition. It is one of the threats the make weak companies close. By applying internet inside firms, the managers will integrate the work of all its’ employee. That will result in gaining competitive advantage, increase productivity of employee, and earn more profits. So that it will make the company that do this entire thing, one of the strongest company in the market. The second cause is information overload. Imagine that when any employee inside the company needs any information, he/she is search in large quantities of paper and files to find it. That’s will cost the employee a lot of time and reduce the work and cycle time. So that, in new business world, using internet permits the employee inside the company to share information. This great advantage make the work faster, increase the cycle time that reflect in making the whole company integrate together and increase of employee satisfaction and happiness when doing their job. There is a lot of effect of applying internet in the business. The goal of any company when it enter the market is making profit and it can’t achieve this goal without good management , following what is new in the business, and continuous improvement. It is the only way for competing in market these days. So that, when using the net, in addition of all that, the company will achieve its goals, serve its’ customer, and gaining a profit the help it in capture the opportunities in the business environment and change it to a competitive advantage for it, In my opinion, without using the internet in the business world these days, no company can compete, no company can do its’ job well. So that, a key role for success in job is to improve the work system inside the company, by using new technologies that help the business achieve the company big missions and goals. How to cite The cause and effect of internet on the business, Papers

The Strategic Marketing Process

Question: Write an essay on the strategic marketing process. Answer: Currently, the strategic marketing process is significantly prioritized by the global marketers, as it helps to create a right alignment of the potential marketing strategy with the operation and management goal of the firm. Depending on the leaders marketing orientation and analytical skills, the firm becomes able to analyse the recurring issues and the right path to utilize the effective marketing principle, strategies and the practices (Bhatt Emdad, 2010). The strategic marketing process, helps the managers to utilize multiple marketing channels to deliver and receive messages from the target audience, based upon which, the brand positioning takes place. As a consequence, the targeting, positioning becomes effective to experience potential growth and brand sustainability in the global market. The complexity, breadth and the richness of the marketing mix plan drive the firm to do consumer directed activities. Eventually, acquiring potential market share becomes comparatively easie r task to the brands. Considering all these aspects, the present study attempts to analyse the strategic marketing plan of the electric vehicle manufacturer, considering the case study of Tesla motors, which has profound marketing management implications. The study comprised of different segments such as the background of the Tesla motor company regarding the products, vision, mission and the current marketing objectives. In the latter part the study has conducted a detailed situational analysis, followed by the planning of the marketing promotion objective and strategies for the FY 2016-2017. The media and budgetary allocation are also described by the researcher, ending with the concluding notes based upon the overall analysis of the study. Background of the studies: Company: Tesla Motors, Inc.is an Americanautomotiveandenergy Storage Company was established in the year 2003 (Bolton et al. 2011). It designs, manufactures and sells the electric cars, electric vehicle power train components and battery products for its target market. Additionally, the Tesla Motors is a public company which trades on theNASDAQstock exchange. In the first quarter of 2013, Tesla posted profits for the first time (Baum et al. 2008). The strategy of selling eco friendly sleek designs with high margin echoes Apple computers business model has differentiated the brand from the competitors like Ford, Chrysler, etc. the electric vehicle ecosystem of Tesla motor has created a unique market environment in the global operation. The firm has met revenue of US$4.04 billion in the FY 2015. Products: The firm Tesla operates in the niche market segment. As a consequence, the product ranges offered by Tesla is relatively lesser than the other car manufacturer organizations. Mainly three types of products are sold by Tesla: Electric luxury cars Rechargeable energy storage system and The automotive components Vision and mission: The vision statement of Tesla motor is to build a wider range of model into the market, including a range of highly affordable priced cars for the global consumers. In this regards Cooper et al. (2009) informed that one of the investor Elon Musk believes that price affordability with high end specification is the prime attraction of Tesla motors, which is overarching the purpose of the Tesla motors. The firm has set a vision to move into the solar electric car from the mine-and-burn hydrocarbon economy. The mission statement of Tesla car is to accelerate the advent of the sustainable transport by introducing compelling mass market electric cars to market the products as soon as possible. In this regards Baron Henry (2010) also commented that Tesla is very specific and consistent with its goal, as the created goals and objectives before a decade has been found exact as it is today. Not a single alteration has been made upon the mission statement of Tesla. Current marketing objectives: To build a long term brand awareness among the target mass and manage long term corporate reputation To enhance the demand for the vehicles and provide leads to the sales unit To manage optimised brand loyalty To enable the customers sharing their views for improving the current product development process Situational analysis: Market demography: Tesla motors have established itself as one of the market leaders in global electronic vehicle market. As the company is going to attain a sustainable market position in the Australian market it is essential to develop an entry level luxury automobile marketing plan depending on the Australian demographic status. Due to the recent lethargic economic performances of the country, the Australian customers are little bit worried while assessing the personal finance advantages (Marthinsen, 2011). Although, as the consumers group are very competitive and like to spend money on the essential things, the entry level market position would be good for Tesla motors. Demand analysis: The market demand of Tesla motor is high from the beginning as the US Company has created the worlds first fully electric sports car. In the opinion of Eckhardt Shane (2010), Tesla motor has accelerated the development of the sustainable transport by introducing the electric vehicle technology. Tesla wants to develop a high performance electric vehicle power train technology to reduce the environmental impact of transportation energy. The power train technology is beneficial for increasing more renewable resources. Adding to this, the battery systems vehicle developed by Tesla performs a high volume function for the business purposes and residential utilities (Polatoglu, 2013). These types of features would be highly lucrative to the Australian customers. Thus, it could be stated that the products of Tesla must have a huge market demand in Australian vehicle market industry. SWOT analysis: According to Dibb, et al. (2009), SWOT model helps to analyse the current standing of a business unit against the market competitor. This analysis helps the firm developing a basis for the marketing firm to target and attract potential customers towards the brand. Strength: Superior products and the attractive vehicle design are the core strength of Tesla motors The unique brand name attracts customers towards the brand. In the BEV market, the first mover advantage is strength of Tesla motors. The innovative sales and distribution network has been found better than the competitors The strong capital base and greater flexibility to access into the capital market is a major strength of Tesla. The Powertrain technology and the unique battery configuration is the major strength of the brand (Cooper et al. 2009). Weakness: The lack of economies of scale and relatively high cost structure vehicle The firm has limited brand recognition within the target mass The issues in the component supply against the increased demand will increase the manufacturing time, thereby affecting the sales volume of the firm. The limited number of car charging stations resists a large group of potential customers to buy products form Tesla. Opportunity: Greater advancements in the battery technology The support from the Australian government is increasing to support the BEV adoption The price increment of the gasoline and driving procedure is forcing the consumers to shift into the alternative car segment The firm operates in a niche market segment, where the competition is comparatively lesser than the normal car segments. Threat: The increased number of the Australian direct BEV competitor could be potential threat o Tesla. The substitute of the BEV also growing in a significant manner, which could be another threat of Tesla The entry mode of the large automobile firms in the BEV market is changing and increasing in a rapid pace. This could be another significant threat for the Tesla motors. Current competition: Tesla has its own network of market located in North America, Europe and Asia. Tesla Motors has two revenue sections those are automotive sales and development services. Tesla is concerned to provide services to the other automobile firms (Cadogan, 2009). The major competitors for Tesla include Federal Signal, industrial conglomerate; Ford Motor Company,General Motors, Honda Motor Company, Oshkosh, PACCAR Inc., Spartan Motors, Tata Motors, Toyota Motors and Wabco (www.teslamotors.com, 2016). Product and competitors' marketing promotional budget and sales analysis: The base price of the Teslas flagship vehicle is $109,000. The high performance BEV has a range of up to 250 miles. The major difference is the speed which makes the products of Tesla more different in this competitive market place (Mangram, 2012). Roadster is the modern with sporty appearance has designed to attract the customers. Tesla has announced medium-term plans to construct electric SUV crossover vehicles, electric fleet vans for municipal governments. According to the opinion of Schoenecker Cooper (2010), Tesla has the potential to continue the experience of the direct competition from the other BEV entrants, indirect competition with the existing firm and emerging connect with the hybrid vehicle manufacturers. Furthermore, the firm has the greatest competitive advantage with BEV substitutes including gasoline hybrid and gasoline powered vehicles. Moreover, Teslas competitive advantages include superior BEV technology, first mover market position, brand recognition, and uni que component product lines such as power trains, vehicle batteries, etc (www.teslamotors.com, 2016). However, the companys indirect competitors are the traditional luxury vehicles like BMW, Mercedes Benz, Jaguar, etc. The loyal customer base of Tesla would help to earn good competitive advantage in the Australian market for achieving a sustainable market position. Target market and positioning analysis: Target market: In the words of Dibb, et al. (2009), the target market analysis includes the identification of different potential customers and their prospects in the marketing cluster, based upon the homogeneity of the customer segment. Teslas target market is focused on different consumer segments, which is as follows: Luxury vehicle sedan market: This target market is relatively larger than the other competitors. Australians are shifting more towards purchasing luxury sedans from the Mercedes Benz, which is the fastest growing segment of the Australian sports vehicle market. Divakar et al. (2009) stated that Tesla has targeted a competitive consumer segment to improve the consumer adoption degree. Thus, the luxury vehicle segment could be a potential target market for Tesla. Mainstream vehicle consumer segment: This segment has been targeted for the mass production and greater market penetration in the Australian market. High end sports car market: This target mass is relatively higher in the Australian sports car market. Lane (2009) also stated that it has been targeted to introduce the brand name Tesla in the global business market. Brand positioning: Positioning is defined as a term which helps the marketers to identify the unique sales proposition (USP) of a brand (Busch et al. 2007). The brand positioning of Tesla, has focused on arranging its products in a distinctive manner to capture a transparent, unique and attractive brand positioning, which is relatively higher than its competitors. However, Mangram (2012) argued that positioning helps to address different customer identification issue, the fulfilment of the product needed by the customers, and process of manufacturing which best meets the demand of the consumers. Tesla has significantly highlighted on the high-tech sports cars features, attractiveness, reliability and the environmental ethics as well. These characteristic frames at right positioning within the Australian sports car market. The Australians are buying luxury cars in the record numbers till date, although the recent trade shows a slight decline in the profitability of the sports car segment. This is mainly due to the accident met by the sports car named as Statesman, Fairlane, and LTD. However, PolatoÄÅ ¸l (2013) also mentioned that Australians have shown transparent love of the luxury brands. More than 11 of 18 brands had investigated that the test drives are mainly occurring from the Australian marketers. Marketing promotion objective and strategies: Tesla motor being an electric vehicle manufacturer, addresses the marketing investigation from the different perspective of its own technology based approach for its marketing strategies. In this regards, Eckhardt and Shane (2010) stated that the marketing approach of Tesla motor has been found unique compared to the rival brands. The firm basically favours a mass marketing approach to experience a rapid future growth in the given industry. The promotional objectives and the strategies of the brand had been discussed below: The technical promotion According to Elrod et al. (2011), Tesla had enabled to attain the affiant recognition for its fie3st car availability. The management team of Tesla had been efficient in using electrical technology to manufacture a car that can lead to be reproduced with the combustion of the engine. The management of the specific brand had managed to establish its personal brand that gain incredible equity. The similar personality had used the branding effort as an impactful marketing force for the Tesla Motors. The entire electrical car brand is irreplaceably tied up with the personal branding option of the management. The car products are as fast as Porche and coverts the equivalent miles (100) per gallon. The marketing team had promoted the exclusive features of the cars, like its unique and limited moving parts. Schoenecker Cooper (2010) stated that the individuality of the brand had been its exclusive branding actions and the brand persona of the management influence Tesla to emerge equally. Constructive branding aspects The management of the brand is of the opinion that it is quite relatively easier to manufacture the lust-inducing of the $100,000 car that manufacturing the cheaper model. The brand had penetrated with $100K plus roadster, which had been built on a customized Lotus platform (Clarke, 2010). With the Model number of S, the enterprise had started with fabrication of $100K vehicles and simultaneously started working the similar approach to manufacture $60K entry-luxury models. The management of the brand had instructed its marketing unit to keep updating the corporate blogs (Cadogan, 2009). The customers and the professionals often visit the blogs and the interactions between the experts often help the brand with indifferent and efficient messages. The specific strategies facilitated Tesla to resolve the marketing challenges. Tesla had also initiated the policy of releasing its branding patents (Knox, 2007). This allows the other automotive industry to follow the similar model of product ion and the very mean time Tesla comes up with its updated innovation Turning the strength of the automotive industry into its weakness According to Darke et al. (2007), the luxury cars are being sold and justified on the basis of the quality of the internal engineers. The majority of the luxury automobile brands emphasises on the performance through engineering. The brand believes on the fact that the above approach facilitates the brands to attain the desirable sales figure. Teslas marketing actions focuses on performance through its technology while promoting the simplicity of its individual platform. The Teslas Model S pitch had managed to reframe the automotive industrys strength as its weakness (Davidsson Honig, 2009).It had been inferred that with the support of the highly-effective marketing lens, traditional gas cars remains dirty, untidy, complex, unreliable, and difficult to preserve the well furnished looks. In an audacious marketing progress, Teslas service centres are basically designed with the white shiny floors to reinforce on the fact those electric cars do not have oil and the additional dirty flu ids that make a leakage on the floor. Marthinsen (2011) inferred that Tesla has been a leader at driving the press coverage, awards and reviews for its cars. It is clear that the enterprise had worked hard to place the firm before the media and made sure the precise and accurate messages come through the similar channel. Media and budget allocation for 2016-2017: Tesla has recently reported a loss of $0.01 per share and acknowledged that the sales volume has minimised as per the expectation. The firm is presently trying to reduce the cost of the batteries installed in the cars. It has been expected that this process could enhance the profit margin of the firm (www.teslamotors.com, 2016). The company has a vision to increase its overall revenue by US$1 billion after penetrating in the Australian market. Furthermore that brand has make an effective media plan to push the sales of the firm. The brand wants to increase its advertising allotment by 5% more, so that more profit could possible to earn through the effective promotion campaign. Conclusion The current study emphasises on the marketing for managers. In the similar instance, the marketing consideration had been made with regards to Tesla. The brand had been highly effective in its marketing measures. The forecasting measures of the management are highly effacing to make a persistent sustenance in the highly volatile market. Moreover, the product diversified options are highly lucrative for the firm to serve its purpose. References: Baron, R.A., Henry, R.A. (2010) How entrepreneurs acquire the capacity to excel: Insights from research on expert performance. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 4(1), p4965. Baum, J. R., Locke, E. A., Smith, K. G. (2008) A multi-dimensional model of venture growth. Academy of Management Journal, 44, 292303. Bhatt, G. Emdad, A. F. (2010) An Analysis of the Virtual Chain in Electronic Commerce. Logistics Information Management, 14(1/2), 78-85 Bolton, A., Frankel, S., Blanks, T., Sundsb, S. Sundsbo, S. (2011) Alexander McQueen: Savage beauty. 3rd edn. New Haven, CT: Distributed by Yale University Press Busch, R., Seidenspinner, M. Unger, F. (2007).Marketing communication policies. Berlin: Springer. Cadogan, J. (2009).Marketing strategy. London: SAGE. Clarke, G. (2010) Business Start Up and Future Planning, Bringhton: Emerald Publishing Cooper, L.G., Baron, P., Levy, W., Swisher, M., Gogos, P. (2006) PromoCast: A New Forecasting Method for Promotion Planning. Marketing Science, 18(3), 301316 Darke, P., R., Cindy, M. Y. Chung, J. (2007) Effects of pricing and promotion on consumer perceptions: it depends on how you frame it, Journal of Retailing, 81 (1), 35-47 Davidsson, P., Honig, B. (2009) The role of social and human capital among nascent entrepreneurs, Journal of Business Venturing, 18(3), 301331 Dibb, S., Stern, P., Wensley, R. (2010) Marketing Knowledge and the Value of Segmentation, Marketing Intelligence Planning. 20(2). pp. 113-119. Divakar, S., Ratchford, B.T., Shankar, V. (2009). CHAN4CAST: A multichannel, multiregion sales forecasting model and decision support system for consumer packaged goods. Marketing Science, 24(3), 334350 Eckhardt, J. T., Shane, S. A. (2010). Opportunities and entrepreneurship. Journal of Management, 29, 333-349 Elrod, T., Russell, G. J., Shocker, A. D., Andrews, R. L., Bacon, L. B., Bayus, B. L., Carroll, J. D., Johnson, R. M., Kamakura, W. A., Lenk, P., Mazanec, J. A., Rao, V., Shankar, V. (2011). Inferring Market Structure from Customer Response to Competing and Complementary Products. Marketing Letters. 13. (3). 221-234. Knox, J. (2007) Visual-verbal communication on online newspaper home pages,Visual Communication, 6(1), 19-53. Lane, N. (2009). Special issue: strategic sales and strategic marketing. Journal Of Strategic Marketing, 17(3/4), 189-190. Mangram, M. (2012). The globalization of Tesla Motors: a strategic marketing plan analysis. Journal Of Strategic Marketing, 20(4), 289-312. Marthinsen, E. (2011) Social work practice and social science history,Social Work and Social Sciences Review, 15(1),.5-27. Polatoglu, H. (2013) Why does social business matter? The ETÄ ° group and social responsibility, Social Business, 3(4), 279284. Schoenecker, T. S. Cooper, A. C. (2010) The role of à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ rms resources and organizational attributes in determining entry timing: A cross industry study, Strategic Management Journal, 19, pp. 11271143. Tesla motors (2016) Available at: https://www.teslamotors.com (Accessed: 21 May 2016).

Symbolism and Allegory in Glaspell’s A Jury of Her Peers Essay Example

Symbolism and Allegory in Glaspell’s A Jury of Her Peers Essay Oftentimes two realities co-exist in the nature of human experience:   the way things are supposed to be and the way things are.   Susan Glaspell’s short story â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers† illuminates this idea through a type of allegory.   On one level, the characters are attempting to solve a murder mystery, but on another level, the characters are seeking the ultimate justices.   As expressed above, these things are often not the same thing.   Through the use of symbols and allegory, the story seeks to reveal both the conflict inherent in simply following the letter of the law and in the gender roles of the early 20th century.Minnie Foster and Minnie Wright are the same person as far as the sheriff,   Mr. Peters, the deputy, Mr. Hale, and the district attorney, Mr. Henderson,   are concerned.   Minnie Foster married John Wright and thus became Minnie Foster Wright.   She is the chief suspect, the only suspect, in his murder, and the men are determined to find the one clue that will allow a jury to convict her.   The conflict occurs when the deputy’s wife, Martha Hale, begins to separate Minnie into two people – the former and the latter.   The former was pretty, social and â€Å"fluttery† while the latter was unhappy, isolated and quiet.   It is her ability to see both Minnie’s at the same time, and to convince Mrs. Peters of the same, that ultimately provides the impetus for the action the women take in the name of justice.The ideas of law and justice run central to this play, with the men symbolizing the law and the women symbolizing justice.   The law states that a murderer must be punished for her crime.   Justice, to Mrs. Hale and, later, Mrs. Peters, means that the right and fair thing is done.   The ultimate gender disparity is the focus of males versus the focus of the females on this cold and sad morning. Mr. Hale jokes â€Å"women are used to worrying over trifles†(Glaspel l 337) to explain Minnie’s concern about her preserves.   However, it is exactly this concern over trifles that saves Minnie Foster.While the men poke fun at the disarray of Minnie’s kitchen, the women see the significance of the work â€Å"left half done† (Glaspell 339).   After all, Mrs. Hale had to leave her flour half-sifted to come to the murder scene.   The dirty towels and broken preserve bottles are symbolic of the trouble and extra work that men who do not worry about trifles cause women.   Both Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters are aware of the hard work that goes in to putting up the fruit, of keeping clean towels, and of the general hard work of   the farm and slowly align against the men who seem to dismiss it.As the men go upstairs to search the crime scene,   Mr. Hale wonders if the women would â€Å"know a clue if they came upon it† (Glaspell 338).   This is ironic, because it is only the women that are able to recreate the murder sc ene.  Ã‚   According to Mary Bendel-Simso, â€Å"The mens inability to see the facts of the situation is emphasized by Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peterss ability to deduce the discouraging course of Minnies life over the previous 20 years† (293).   They are able to conclude that her life had been one of solitude, that her life and energy had been pressed out of her by her husband.   They are able to realize this because they are women and because they can empathize with the woman.   Ã‚  Minnie Foster had been figuratively killed, leaving Minnie Wright to suffer alone.Of course the ultimate clue comes in a place that the men would certainly consider a trifle – her sewing basket.   Neither woman knew Minnie Wright well enough to explain the empty birdcage until they think to bring her sewing materials to the jailhouse.   There they discover the answer and the clue that would certainly hang Minnie – the strangled canary.   Over the years of painful quiet and solitude, the women surmise that the bird was her only joy.   Clearly, John Wright felt the cruel need to strip his wife of even this. The women guiltily are reminded of their own neglect of Minnie over the years, avoiding her because her home was off the road in a hollow and basically â€Å"uncheerful.†The story is not just about the murder of a man.   It is more about the murder of a woman, and of several women like her, even, perhaps, a part of Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters themselves. The women both slowly come to understand that this â€Å"murder† of Minnie Foster must be avenged.   â€Å"John Wright slowly strangled Minnies spirit over the previous two decades, isolating her physically and mentally from the community of women and holding her incommunicado. In light of this spiritual homicide, he is charged withand found guilty ofdestroying his wife creatively, procreatively, and communicatively† (Bendel-Simso 295).   The caged and strangled   bird is Minnie, of course, and Minnie is the caged and strangled bird.   Both caged, both eager to be free, their lives slowly entwined. The murder of the bird was the murder of Minnie. To the women, John Wright’s crime is far greater than his wife’s.Mrs. Peters, slower to come to the conclusion of what she and Mrs. Hale should do, finally acquiesces, as evidenced in her remarks concerning a painful childhood memory in which a boy kills her kitten.   She admits to feeling violent and having to be restrained from hurting the boy.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Karen Alkalay-Gut calls this a â€Å"uniquely feminine experience† that links Mrs. Peters more to Minnie than to the men (6).   Both women agree to hide the evidence, thus ensuring Minnie’s safety.Ironically, it is the trifles – the bird, the kitchen, the preserves – that lead the women to solve the murder.   While they seem to eschew the law of man, they fully, in their minds, u phold justice of women.   The quilt, the ultimate work of community, unites the story.   As Alkalay-Gut notes, the quilt is the means by which the â€Å"triviality† of life becomes â€Å"incorporated into the larger framework† of life (7).   This is exactly what the women were able to do.   The messy kitchen, the broken jars and the odd quilt square lead the women to the exact situation while the men, the problems themselves, miss it.While the gender disparities are obvious, the story is not simply one of sexism, warns Alkalay-Gut (9).   It is, after all, the desire of Mrs. Peters that Mrs. Hale come along to keep her company.   Women seek women mainly for comfort, not for battle.   They seek one another because of their common experiences.   It is this notion of community of women that saves Minnie.   Alkalay-Gut asserts that the idea of fairness is central in the minds of these two women (9), so central that they are willing to place it on a higher rung than law.   The community of women, the jury of Minnie’s peers† is applying justice at this higher level.   The law of men in this case, must fall to the justice of the peers, as the title suggests.â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers† can be read on many levels.   First, it is a murder mystery in which the men are trying to apply a law.   Next, it is the representation of the community of women who are finally able to apply justice to the situation.   Finally, it is an indictment against the men for failing to see the symbolic importance of what they call trifles.   These trifles are the very mechanisms by which Minnie is justly acquitted.   Therefore, the law, which asserts that each person be tried by a jury of his peers is upheld. The words of Mrs. Peters sum up this idea when she says â€Å"A person gets discouraged – and loses heart† (Glaspell, 341).   Indeed she did; indeed they do.

How To Answer “Why Do You Want To Work Here”

How To Answer â€Å"Why Do You Want To Work Here† This question comes up in so many job interviews. Surprisingly, most people are unprepared to answer it well. Think of this question as another valuable opportunity to show you’ve done your homework on a company, and to show that your ideals and goals are in lockstep with those of the company you’re interviewing with. Don’t just blather on about how they value whatever their mission statement says they value, or praise whatever company culture you’ve been able to glean from their brochures. Have something distinctive to say.Try these strategies and you’ll be in much better shape.1. Word of MouthHave you heard from current or past employees? Now might be the time to mention that you’ve got several contacts who worked there in the past, or friends of friends who work there now. It’s fine to say that you’ve received glowing reports; it makes your interviewer feel good, and it shows you did a bit of sleuthing around!2. Social MediaD oes this company have a particularly winning social media platform? Consider mentioning their engaging use of Facebook, or their badass presence on Twitter. This also shows that you’re engaged,   and with it  enough to be all up on social media.3. CommonalityIf you’ve done your digging and found contacts you know who work there on LinkedIn, for example, and you’ve noticed a particular pattern- something that most employees of that company seem to have in common- then mention it! Show that you’ve taken the time to figure out what the common thread is and then explain how you fit right in with it.4. LeadershipIt’s obviously good to speak favorably about the product or service the company puts out, but it’s even better to comment on their leadership- either within the industry or globally. Talk about their community involvement or philanthropy.5. UniquenessAcknowledge first and foremost what makes the company so unique. Show that youâ€℠¢ve looked into them enough to really understand what it is they’re going for- then compliment them on their success. All the while showing how their uniqueness matches yours perfectly!6. Its Past/FutureTalk about the company’s origins and past achievements†¦ or fast forward to show how well you can think ahead and envision the company’s goals being realized in an ever-changing industry. Show that you’re already invested in the future of the company.7. Get PersonalIf all else fails, tie your appreciation of the company to some aspect of yourself. Be as specific as possible. Have you had a personal interaction with anyone at the company? Now’s the time to start chatting about that. Remember, there’s no right way to answer this, only a few extra bonus points you can score if you answer it well.

Formal Memo Proposal Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Formal Memo Proposal - Research Paper Example Organizations have rivals as well as companies that complement their services. The audience should realize that the greater benefit goes to the end users who use the goods or services provided by the business. Traditional B2B transaction procedures are ineffective because they require enterprises to calculate transactions costs for setting up and maintaining stores. The personnel carrying out the transaction must be paid duly besides footing other business expenditure when linking up with other firms. Additionally, organizations must ensure that they have conducted many operations to decrease the overall costs incurred. The distributors are also required to prepare to handle high quantities of goods. Poor business-to-business transaction strategies have led to poor profits in businesses. Ineffective B2B strategies play a significant role in contributing towards massive losses that businesses incur when carrying out transactions. Dependence on stores to allow easy distribution of goods calls for extra business expenditures such as personnel to move and distribute goods to other enterprises. The current B2B transaction procedures are ineffective because of the high quantities of goods supplied. The transactions are run with utter inaccuracy due to involvement of high human processing systems. The ineffective brick and mortar transactions can benefit from digital methods, but there are businesses that are yet to exploit the alternative. The proper B2B strategy will help businesses facilitate lucrative transfer of raw materials, components, and parts that can boost their revenue base. The quantity of sales may not be high in a single transaction, but it accumulates to a high amounts. A business does not need to focus on selling goods to customers only. Businesses have the potential to explore transaction procedures that have on costs and increase the overall profit expected.

New Topic Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

New Topic - Personal Statement Example One of the challenges is creating communities with active facilitators and contributors. This can be resolved through forming a culture where learning communities are established. These communities allow people to take risks in developing and sharing their ideas. Another challenge is rewarding KM practices, and this can be done by embedding KM goals into performance management systems. The last component is making a unified knowledge network (Dalkir & Liebowitz, 2011, p.328). People and technology are needed to continue operating KM practices. Some of the main issues are continuity in tools, conflict management, and diversity management. They can be resolved through IT audits that accompany KM audits, and ensuring that there are suitable policies and processes that provide guidelines for conflict management and diversity management. It is important to set up a clear and practical KM system that legitimizes KM goals, directions, and strategies. The KM system must be supported by the management and constantly evaluated for further

Historical Analysis paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Historical Analysis paper - Essay Example This has led to different people entering the country in an effort to find a means of livelihood. One of the greatest jobs that arises from the men and women of the United States getting employment in major companies is that of a househelp to take care of the house when the owners are absent. Many of the nannies in the United States come from Southern Asia in search of employment opportunities, and it is important to go through the various different cases of abuse that nannies go through specifically in California as compared to nannies in other parts of the United States. One of the areas with the highest number of abuse cases for nannies is California. The reason for this is that the local state authorities through the various institutions are yet to come up with a well-set system that advocates for the freedoms and rights of these immigrant nannies. In the United States, New York has the least amount of nanny abuse cases (Ann 104). The reason for this is that the local government in collaboration with national human rights groups has joined hands and instituted laws that ensure that the nannies receive quality treatment. One of the issues of abuse that nannies in California encounter as opposed to nannies in New York for example is working hours. Initially, many local nannies in the United States used to work for around sixty hours a week without any extra salary for the overtime hours. Just like California, New York has a very large population working in large corporations, and these people are often so busy that they forget the responsibilities that they have in ensuring that these Southeast Asian nannies receive the right amount of treatment. Around 10 years ago, New York did not have any instituted laws to govern the rights of these nannies and many times they were neglected and overworked. In late 2010, however, the New York Nanny Law came into action. Since then over 80 serious cases of househelp abuse have received a hearing from the responsible court s and have led to the payment of around 250000 dollars of unpaid wages for the workers (Watson & Virtamen). California is completely different from New York in terms of the advocacy of nanny rights. After the working of the law for two straight years in New York, activists sought to introduce the law in California that had shown a large increase in nanny abuse cases. This has, however, proved difficult with many excuses coming from local authorities. One of the most expansive excuses provided is the issues of funds. According to the California local authorities, the state does not have enough funds to go through the legal process of enacting this law stating that it requires a lot of labor and resources in order to get the message across to all households despite the presence of social and print media that are most effective in delivering the information. The authorities further claim that the process would appear slow as opposed to New York that has many of the households as apartm ents. Another challenge posed by the authorities is the fact that the labor industry is decentralized and fragmented, and the issue of nannies is personal. Being a private issue, engaging in discussions or rather activities that seem to violate this is a crime against the law. The New York Nanny Law has also made great strides regarding the health treatment of these nannies. At the beginning of the 21st century, the state of New York had a very large number of immigrant deaths. This raised an alarm and people

History Of Bilingual Court Cases Report

History Of Bilingual Court Cases Report This report is a critical summary of research conducted on three legal cases pertaining to bilingual education in U.S. Public Schools. This paper will include a complete description and analysis of Lau et. al vs. Nichols (1974), Castaneda v. Pickard case (1981), and LULAC vs. Florida Department of Education (1990). The objective is to focus on the adequacy and implications of these cases on the rights of English Language Learners (ELL) to receive a Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE). The findings will consider both primary legal findings and secondary information from professional journals to explain how knowledge of each of these cases may help teachers better meet the need and requirements of mainstreamed (ELL) students. The basis for current provisions to assure the rights of bilingual or limited English proficiency students in public education starts with the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Several Supreme Court opinions, case law precedents, and legislation provide the legal background, which directly influences national school district policy and reaches into the classroom to insure English language learners receive an equitable public education appropriate to their linguistic and academic needs. The three cases presented here are legal milestones that display the continuing efforts toward school district policy and to achieve good teaching practices in the classroom to accommodate limited English proficiency students right to a free appropriate public education. Lau et al. vs. Nichols et al. is a lawsuit filed on behalf of Chinese American students in 1970 against the San Francisco Unified School Board. A lower court judgment and resultant appeals placed the case before the Supreme Court in December 1973. The U.S. Supreme Court Case Lau v. Nichols, 414 U.S. 563, (1974) was the consequence of a lack of English language instruction provided to approximately 1,800 students of Chinese ancestry who did not read, speak, write, or comprehend English in the San Francisco Unified School District. The passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Bilingual Education Act of 1968 provided the plaintiffs in Lau vs. Nichols with inspiration to pursue their rights to a quality education. In the legal case, defendants (the San Francisco Unified School District) argued that education is not a right. There was nothing in the Constitution that mentioned education as a basic right for all citizens. Individual states chose to establish schools to provide the basic needs of all citizens, and in this case, the Chinese-speaking children clearly needed special help. Even so, the defendants argued that the students had no Constitutional right to demand that the school district provide a remedy for their problem (McPherson, 2000, p. 64). Citing the Fourteenth Amendment clause, the attorney for the defendant, Burk Delventhal, pointed out that the provisions did not require the state to solve these problems all at once. State lawmakers, in their view, had already done a lot to solve problems for non-English-speaking children. The San Francisco Unified School District had complied within state guidelines as best they could in order to provide services to those in need. Edward Steinman (attorney for the plaintiffs) stated during oral arguments (Lau v. Nichols case summary and oral arguments, 1973) that approximately 1,800 of the 3,000 cited plaintiffs in the class action law suit received no English as a Second Language courses, and only a small number received a 40-minute a day pull-out instructional period. Additionally, a report from the San Francisco Unified School District illustrated how officials were acutely aware of the students lack of access to a quality education and its negative effects. In 1974, Chief Justice William O. Douglas wrote the official opinion; that identical education does not constitute equal education under the Civil Rights Act. School districts must take affirmative steps to overcome educational barriers faced by non-English speakers (Lyons, 1992, p. 8). The ruling set a clear precedent for school districts with a large percentage of non-English speakers, such as San Francisco Unified which counted 83% of its students as non-English speaking in 1974 (Wang, 1975). A well-structured English Language Learner (ELL) plan has to be a whole-school and district-wide initiative created by a multidisciplinary team involving ELL teachers, general education teachers, staff, special education teachers, and other language specialists. The multiple connections between the Lau v. Nichols case and teaching and learning also affect the way curricula is designed to gradually integrate ELL students into the regular school program. In 1975, following the Lau ruling, the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) published policies for schools to address Limited English Proficiency (LEP) students, and the Federal Office for Civil Rights (OCR) was in charge of overseeing the Lau resolution. The OCR gave instructions to school districts about how students would qualify to receive help learning the English language, what specific measurements to take in order to help them, and the type of training teachers should have. In 1978, this ruling was tested in the case of Castaneda vs. Pickard when a parent (Roy Castaneda), of two Mexican-American students, filed against the Raymondville Independent School District (RISD), in Texas. Mr. Castaneda indicated the school district was in fact discriminating against his children because his children were placed in a group of classrooms based on criteria that was ethnically and racially discriminating. The claim was that RISD had failed to establish policy for bilingual education programs that would help his children overcome an English language barrier, and thus, as students, they could not compete with native English language speakers in the classroom. The Lau v. Nichols Case (1974) was cited as a requirement for school districts in this country to take the necessary actions in order to provide students the ability to overcome the English educational barriers. The Castaneda argument was that there was not real way to measure if the Raymondville Independent Sch ool Districts approach would overcome the English proficiency barrier. On August 17, 1978, a lower federal court initially ruled in favor of the Raymondville Independent School District citing that, in respect to the Castaneda vs. Pickard arguments, the Castaneda childrens constitutional or statutory rights were not violated. Mr. Castaneda felt the Federal Court made a mistake and filed for an appeal. In 1981, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit agreed and ruled in favor of the Castanedas case. As a result, the precedent established a three-part assessment to hold bbilingual education programs responsible and to gauge how they were following the spirit of the ESEA guidelines. The criterion parts must demonstrate that a program has; a practice grounded in sound educational theory; effective implementation of an appropriate program or practice; and results or assurance that the program is working through an evaluation and subsequent program modification to meet this requirement. This Castaneda ruling, along with the Supreme Court decision Lau v. Nichols (1974) and the Office of Civil Rights (OCR) Lau Remedies, reaffirmed the rights of English Language Learners to accessible public schooling that is adequate to their needs. These guidelines require an appropriate public program and comprehensible academic studies be held to the three level assessments to insure it is developed properly to accommodate the students English proficiency level needs. Such a program has to be aligned to state and local standards as required by statute. In League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) et al. vs. State Board of Education (August 1990), the court examines the ongoing efforts of the Florida Department of Education (FDOE) to meet both the letter and spirit of a 1990 Consent Decree between the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) and the Florida Department of Education. On August 14, 1990, a Florida Consent Decree established that Limited English Proficiency (LEP) students receive equal access to programming which is appropriate to his or her level of English proficiency, academic achievement, and special needs (United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida. 1990). The plaintiffs (several groups active in the civil rights/educational community) charged that the State Board of Education had not met the requirements under federal and state law to provide LEP students with equal and comprehensible instruction. On September 10, 2003, the State Board of Education and LULAC signed an agreement, a negotiated modification to the 1990 Consent Decree. The Stipulated Agreement, signed by U.S. District Court Judge Federico Moreno is currently active in all of Floridas school districts. The Stipulated Agreement does not diminish any options for English for speakers of other languages (ESOL) endorsement or coverage in the 1990 Consent Decree. However, it does expand some of the original provisions. First, it provides an additional option through which a certified teacher may obtain ESOL coverage. Second, the amendment requires training, including post-certification hours, for all persons holding administrative and guidance counselor positions. Last, the new 2003 amendment allows the plaintiffs to secure access to the ESOL teacher test in addition, provide input that becomes part of the tests design. According to the Consent Decree, each student must have access to programming appropriate to his or her level of English proficiency, academic achievement, and special needs (United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida. 1990). In order to monitor this directive, each district must submit an LEP plan to the Florida Department of Education (FDOE). The Consent Decree does not mandate a specific methodology for ESOL instruction, but instead permits flexibility to local needs and demographics. The state stipulates that LEP students must receive ESOL instruction in E nglish, however, and that they must have ESOL or home language instruction for reading, mathematics, science, social studies, and computer literacy. In addition to a plan for the district, each student must have an individual Limited English Proficiency Student Plan on file. This document includes information on the date of identification, assessment data, and goals for exiting ESOL programs. Each student is also assigned an LEP Committee composed of the students home teacher, an ESOL teacher, an administrator, in addition, a guidance counselor, or a social worker, if appropriate. Parents are invited to attend committee meetings. LEP committees are generally convened when a pupil is having difficulties, is eligible for reclassification, or is ready to participate in state assessments. Furthermore, each school must form an LEP Parent Leadership Council. According to the Decree, this parental representative body has an active participation in all decision-making processes that impact instruction and issues (United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida. 1990). The LULAC vs. Florida Consent Decree requires each Limited English Proficient (LEP) pupil to receive equal access to programming which is appropriate to his or her level of English proficiency, academic achievement, and special needs (Lopà ©z, A. October 8, 2004). An amendment in 2003 requires an expansion of some of the original provisions. First, it provides an additional option through which a certified teacher may obtain ESOL coverage and specific levels of teacher training, including post-certification hours, for all persons holding administrative and guidance counselor positions. The amendment also allows the plaintiffs to secure access to the ESOL teacher test and provide input that becomes part of the tests design. The Consent Decree does not mandate a specific methodology for English Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL) instruction, but instead permits flexibility to local needs and demographics. The state stipulates that LEP students must receive ESOL instruction in English, however, and that they must have ESOL or home language instruction for reading, mathematics, science, social studies, and computer literacy. In addition to a plan for the district, each student must have an LEP Student Plan on file. As part of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) reauthorizations, a large part of Title 1 funding is now redirected by the legislation to be dedicated to a whole school program, which did improve the overall quality of education services. (Hanna 2005). The Lau remedies were to be withdrawn in 1981. Legislators attempted additional efforts to transform ESEA in the 1983 and 1989 reauthorizations under the Reagan and George H.W. Bush administrations. These republican admin ­istrations led a major campaign against bilingual education and were in favor of a back to basics education. The Bilingual Education Act, as amended in 1988, was an effort to re-define education programs with more specific goals, to provide for support centers, and to address capacity-building efforts. In 1993, democrats, lead by the Clinton administration, began a new education reform direction with the early development of standards-based reform through bills like Goals 2000. In 1994, under the Impro ving Amer ­icas Schools Act, the Bilingual Edu ­cation Act was reauthorized. This reauthorization rewrote ESEA with the idea that every state would create a standards-based system applicable to all students, including those who qualified under Title I (Hanna, 2005). For the first time, bilin ­gual education was considered a resource to help immigrants become fluent English speakers, and a po ­tential asset to improve the countrys prospects. A wave of anti-bilingualism policies reached its peak with George W. Bushs No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) in 2002. The law, which was a another reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), did not officially ban bilingual programs, but it imposed a high-stakes testing system that promoted the adoption and implementation of English-only in ­struction. Title VII, also known as the Bilingual Education Act, was eliminated as part of a larger school reform measure (Crawford, 2002). As such, the references to bilingual education in the previous ESEA documentation were redefined as English Language Learners in the new leg ­islation. The educational rights of school-age English language learners then are the new concerns of these cases and its series of legislative acts and court decisions. Jim Cummins, a noted Pedagogy author, published his thoughts as educational policies created at the national level are negotiated at the state and local school district levels as supports are provided to schools, teachers, and their students. In this way, federal policies affect classroom practice in the micro-interactions that occur between teachers and students (Cummins, 2001). The impact of the many legal cases on teachers meeting the needs and requirements of mainstreamed ELL students appears to result from a combination of policies influenced by immediate social, political, and economic factors. Officially, the United States does not have a national language policy which would directs a specific language practice in public schools, however, individual States have passed language policy legislation which places English ove r other languages. The national direction is on Civil Rights and any appropriate public program for comprehensible academic studies has to be developed to accommodate the students English proficiency level needs. State and local school districts are tasked by stature to align public education programs. Building an Equal Access Plan may generate misunderstandings in the classroom and community local levels based on funding and district training. A policy approved by a local school board will take time to construct so that steps for implementing a sound program can occur when needed. A newly arrived student could be waiting for several weeks under that scenario. A consequence of that approach is inaccessibility to appropriate instruction. A policy reflects a school districts intent to comply with the spirit and provisions of law. It also assures that, because it is policy, no teacher or administrator may veto provisions of that policy. It is possible for provisions in policy to become dated or ineffective. Sometimes improved approaches to instruction merit piloting or implementation. Under these circumstances, schools are advised to revise their policy, consistent with the provisions of statute, and to seek school board approval for the newly revised policy or additions to policy. A teachers creativity and excellence will service the classroom student and should not be limited or compromised by policy.

Multiple Sclerosis Essay -- essays research papers

Multiple Sclerosis, MS for short, effects approximately 5 in 10,000 people, and my step-mom Kathy happens to be one of the unlucky few (Rogner 5). MS is a disease that strikes the central nervous system, which consists of the brain and spinal chord. These two organs control the movement and function of the entire body. Inside the body of a person with MS the tube that sends signals throughout the body is either partially of fully blocked, leaving the victim with for starters, impaired vision, strength, and coordination (5). There are a couple of different types of MS, which include relapsing-remitting, primary-progressive, secondary-progressive, and primary relapsing (Kalb 5). The type that my step mom has is primary-progressive, which is considered the worst type of MS. According to the National Multiple Sclerosis Society a person with primary-progressive MS is “characterized by a gradual but steady progression of disability from the onset, with no obvious plateaus or remissio ns, or only occasional plateaus and minor, temporary improvements.'; In short this means that the symptoms Kathy is experiencing such as falling down due to a lack of coordination, tiredness, numbness, and bladder problems are only going to get worse. But possibly the worst symptom of all are mental problems such as a loss of self-esteem and feelings of worthlessness. The most obvious effect that MS has on a person is a loss of coordination and balance; approximately 77 percent of people af...

Analysis of Documentary ” the End of the Line”

The end of the line The end of the line is a part of a new wave of documentaries that not only seek prizes at Film Festival and wasn’t just primarily made to make money but change the opinions of dozens of people. What is happening to the world fish stocks is an under reported issue and End of the Line seeks to address this problem and make the issue reportable. The film was directed by Rupert Murray and narrated by Ted Danson. But the whole film is based on a book By Charles Clover himself a fisherman who tells us about his happiness when he first caught a big great salmon .Other researchers , scientists and just fishermen travel around the world to get people to pay attention to the problem of factory fishing which has reduced and made some fish species extinct . In many ways this film is like a funeral for fish . The scientists predict that if we continue fishing as we are now , we will see the end of most seafood by 2048 . The film takes us around the fishing world to the places like Alaska , Canada , Senegal and Bahamas . The film presentation is less like an investigation but more about discovering the guilty criminals because of which fish is disappearing .The film defines them and we listen to expert witnesses who explains us about why those people are guilty . The documentary opens on a colourful ecosystem that immerses us into the beauty of the underwater world , shows us how this world swarming with life and how it is full of various kinds of fish . Credits calmly fade in and out of the picture as beautiful fish dart in and out of coral reefs, filling the screen with happiness and vibrancy. The credits finish rolling and the music that has been playing in the background transforms from cheerful to suspenseful and dramatic .Drab, gray colors suddenly replace the bright ones, and short scenes begin to flash in sync with the music. Huge boats charge through the sea like a tank rolling into a battlefield. A fisherman’s silhouette appears an d he brandishes a knife, plunghing it into a flopping fish. Red, vibrant blood squirts everywhere, even splashing onto the screen, and it drips from the knife of the fisherman . Quick cuts , dramatic close-ups , emotional music , and vivid details are all characteristics of this film .Colors and music in this documentary , that were mentiod earlier , are directed to convey a message of hatred and disgust towards anglers , even before a single word is said . The violent shots of fish being hit in the head, nets filled with flopping fish (complete with an unpleasant slapping sound), and knives creating gushing stab wounds in huge tuna are accompanied by slow, dramatic music and music that could be straight from a horror movie. One shot from within an underwater net shows a few fish with panicked faces, eyes wide, and mouths open, lunging toward the camera as if screaming, â€Å"Let me out! . In this film , fish is occasionally personified , making people that are shown in scenes at s ushi restaurants while eating seafood and talking about how they enjoy eating it and how they love fish , in interviews is represented as they are cannibalistic fish murderers . The diction in this film is mostly voice-over and interviewees . The definite attempt of voice-over is to manipulate the emotions of audience . What about the interwiewees , many of them are very passionate about the issues presented in this documentary , and it shows in the word choice that they use .In the interviews what they do is that they are encouraging and persuading people to stop consuming fish in such big amounts as we do now , to stop fishing ilegally or reduce catch of fish , to prevent this tradegy , otherwise we will see the end of seafood . They also represent us the statistics that are intimidating . Those statistics and interwievs create a horrifying atmosphere and mood . The method of this film is to shock audience . This is the great move to engage people , because it is a shock and fear that makes people be more serious and change the way they think and their worldview .And the dramatic music only feeds those feelings . As it was mentioned earlier the film takes part in different parts of the world . For example in Africa the fishing business is very well developed , but as they were asborbing and catching fish in large quantities this led them to a shotage of fish as well as to the loss of jobs . Since fish and fishing itself for them is one of the most important kinds of food and job , many fishermen were forced to go to Europe to infiltrate their families . And this is already one of the examples that the fish is being extincted .Another example that fish is being extincted is that some corporations and fishermen cheat because they can and don’t get caught . In the documentary , a passionate Mielgo described the role of Mitsubishi that’s located in Japan in the decline of bluefin tuna . He believes the company is stockpiling bluefin for the day whe n the species will be extinct and the price of their highly regarded flesh will skyrocket. The bluefin situation demonstrates what multinational corporations, international fishing policy, and consumer demand can do to a wild species.The film gives us a lot of information, using statistics, scientists, fishermen, and people associated with the fishing industry, which makes us feel truthfully about this film and believe it and to take their message and really try to make a difference in the underwater world . All in all the main purpose of this film is to reach people , to make them to imagine an ocean without fish . Imagine their meals without seafood . Imagine the global consequences . To show that this is the future if we do not stop , the purpose is to make people think and act wisely .

Free Essays on Siren Song

Analyzing the Alluring â€Å"Siren Song† Your next encounter will be with the Sirens, who bewitch everybody who approaches them. There is no home-coming for the man who draws near them unawares...for with their high clear song the Sirens bewitch him, as they sit there in a meadow piled high with the mouldering skeletons of men, whose withered skin still hangs upon their bones† (Odyssey, Book 12, ll. 39ff trans. Rieu/Jones) This is a warning to the great adventurer Odysseus from the mythological epic poem by Homer called the â€Å"Odyssey.† The mythological creatures called sirens sung so beautifully that men couldn’t resist them, even though their lives would be taken. Margaret Atwood lures her audience in the poem â€Å"Siren Song† by utilizing many literary devices and techniques, which ultimately trick the reader into thinking that she will reveal something beneficial and the â€Å"song that is irresistible† (2-3). The sirens sang a song to fool men, but Atwood poetically deceives the reader. The genre of the poem is narrative. The narrator is alone in the poem and speaks in the first person with the auditor being the reader. The poem takes place on an island where the narrator is discussing her â€Å"secret† and her attitude toward the situation she is in. The narrator will trick the reader into thinking that the song is very important until the end when she reveals her â€Å"secret.† â€Å"Siren Song† is fairly short poem that grabs the reader’s attention quickly. It consists of twenty-seven lines and nine stanzas, each being a triplet. Each stanza of the poem contains a certain theme that will have the power to persuade in a different way, thus the reader’s attention is grabbed with the various emotions displayed by the author. She changes her mood to keep the reader’s attention and then finally in the last stanza reveals the conclusion. Within the first four of the nine total stanzas, only two sentences are... Free Essays on Siren Song Free Essays on Siren Song Analyzing the Alluring â€Å"Siren Song† Your next encounter will be with the Sirens, who bewitch everybody who approaches them. There is no home-coming for the man who draws near them unawares...for with their high clear song the Sirens bewitch him, as they sit there in a meadow piled high with the mouldering skeletons of men, whose withered skin still hangs upon their bones† (Odyssey, Book 12, ll. 39ff trans. Rieu/Jones) This is a warning to the great adventurer Odysseus from the mythological epic poem by Homer called the â€Å"Odyssey.† The mythological creatures called sirens sung so beautifully that men couldn’t resist them, even though their lives would be taken. Margaret Atwood lures her audience in the poem â€Å"Siren Song† by utilizing many literary devices and techniques, which ultimately trick the reader into thinking that she will reveal something beneficial and the â€Å"song that is irresistible† (2-3). The sirens sang a song to fool men, but Atwood poetically deceives the reader. The genre of the poem is narrative. The narrator is alone in the poem and speaks in the first person with the auditor being the reader. The poem takes place on an island where the narrator is discussing her â€Å"secret† and her attitude toward the situation she is in. The narrator will trick the reader into thinking that the song is very important until the end when she reveals her â€Å"secret.† â€Å"Siren Song† is fairly short poem that grabs the reader’s attention quickly. It consists of twenty-seven lines and nine stanzas, each being a triplet. Each stanza of the poem contains a certain theme that will have the power to persuade in a different way, thus the reader’s attention is grabbed with the various emotions displayed by the author. She changes her mood to keep the reader’s attention and then finally in the last stanza reveals the conclusion. Within the first four of the nine total stanzas, only two sentences are...

Fate and the Human Will essays

Fate and the Human Will essays The Struggle for the Hawaiian Islands During the late 19th century, the United States became increasingly interested in acquiring land outside its continental states. This process became known as imperialism, and would later label the United States as one of the imperialistic countries of the world. This is partly due to our countries efforts to obtain and annex the sovereign state of Hawaii. There were several reasons for the United States to be interested in this monarchical country. One was the establishment of strategic naval bases along its coasts, another was the importance of trade, third was of Hawaiian annexation, causing it to become a foothold for further takings of the United States. This would later make the U.S. one of the leading imperialistic countries rivaling even Great Britain. During the 1880s, the average American opposed expansionism, now in the late 1890s, men and women felt it was a necessity, mostly because politicians changed their minds. This is not to say that all Americans felt expansion was necessary, it is true that some opposed Hawaiis annexation. But, many people felt that the Anglo-Saxons of the world should dominate and convert these other primitive cultures, making them more civilized in their eyes. This was coupled with the feeling that the entire country had been discovered, and it was time to look elsewhere for adventure and expansion. I believe that this attitude was mainly brought on by the governments interest in expansionism and is shown in its acts of imperialism that flourished in the late 1890s, when it forcefully The treaty of 1884 between the United States and Hawaii was an extenuation of the reciprocity treaty of 1875. Julius Pratt, author of Expansionists of 1898 had this to That treaty, admitting free of duty to each country the principal products of the other, ...

Personal identity. You are the same person now as you were ten years Essay

Personal identity. You are the same person now as you were ten years ago - Essay Example Firstly, I will show, through describing the limits of acceptable physical change, that bodily continuity alone is not enough to say I am the same person I was a decade ago. Some philosophers, such as Eric Olson, have claimed that the physical body is the basis of the identity (Olson 2003, pp. 337-338). This view claims that as long as one keeps the same body throughout their life, they remain the same person. For example, if someone commits a crime, as long as their body committed the crime, we can punish them for it. Therefore, as I am in the same body as I was ten years ago, I am the same person. However, there is opposition to the view that our identity refers only to our physical body as our bodies are constantly regenerating so how much of our body must stay the same in order for us to be classed as the same person? An example of this is the Ship of Theseus (Leibniz as cited by Gallois 2016). Many people believe that, at some point, the Ship of Theseus stops being the same ship. I could then also say I am not the same person I was ten years ago, as I have a completely different set of cells. But, with no detectable changes in appearance or attitude how could I prove I am a different person? Not everyone agrees that our regeneration makes us a different person, believing that the gradual change involved in the previous examples enables them to keep their identity, i.e. the gradual change of the Ship of Theseus.

The Power of the Fourteenth Amendment Research Paper

The Power of the Fourteenth Amendment - Research Paper Example The fourteenth amendment granted equal civil and legal rights as well as citizenship to the African Americans and the slaves of the American civil war. They were thus included in the phrase all persons born or naturalized in the United States had the right to be given American citizenship. The power of the fourteenth amendment is well expressed in its five sections: The section one argues that all individuals born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are United States citizens and citizens they live in according to Wagner (2000). It forbids the state from exercising a law that abridges the United States citizens’ privileges and immunities. According to this section, the state has no right to deprive individuals their property, life or liberty without following the legal process. It also ensures that any person within a state’s jurisdiction is equally protected. Since the ratification of the Bill of Rights in 1971, the fourteenth amendment remains the most important amendment in protecting the rights of the individuals. The amendment was driven by the incidence of civil wars in the United States. Initially, this section only defined citizenship and offered protection to the civil and political rights of the individual hence less powerful. Its limitation was that the Africans could not possess United States citizenship and could not enjoy any citizenship privileges and immunities. ... Under the initial constitution anyone regarded as a United States citizen was first to become a citizen of a certain state in the country. This could not apply to the emancipated citizens, the need of the clause to define citizenship. It meant that a United States’ citizen was also a citizen of a state he/she resided in. The power of the clause has been subjected to different interpretations. It author argued that it had similar content with the original one and it only varied in wording. According to Bosniak (2008), the meaning of this clause was tested in 1884 to establish whether a person born in the United States was automatically granted national citizenship. It was held by the Supreme Court that the Native Americans who left their tribes voluntarily could not automatically acquire national citizenship. The court also claimed that under this clause, a person born in the American soil to a Chinese citizen permanently leaving in US on business and not under official or dipl omatic employment were guaranteed American citizenship. The same was also meant to apply to children who belonged to foreign national but not of Chinese descent. The power of this clause also maintains it that, children neither of United States citizens nor foreign diplomats, but born there were guaranteed citizenship after birth. However it was argued under this clause that, Children belonging to ambassadors as well as foreign ministers were excluded from citizenship. Loss of citizenship is another powerful clause section one of the fourteenth amendment. This clause gives two conditions under which individual can lose their citizenship. These conditions are Fraud in the process of naturalization

Applying Research in Practice Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Applying in Practice - Research Paper Example Evidence based research identifies practices for prevention and management of pressure ulcers that complement and support the institution’s recommendations. Continuous Bedside Pressure Mapping (CBPM) offers a basis for detecting pressures at different parts of a patient’s body and therefore helps to relocate the patient to offload pressure from the areas (Behrendt, Ghaznavi, Manhan, Craft, & Siddiqui, 2014). The authors established that CBPM reduces patients’ risk of developing pressure ulcers. In an experimental design, results reported 0.9 percent chance of developing pressure ulcers under CBPM and 4.8 percent chance without application of CBPM. The evidence identifies the guidelines’ objective for prevention and management of pressure ulcers but with inefficiency. While the guidelines identify need for repositioning in order to alleviate pressure, it fails to provide an approach for accurate determination of pressure levels for positioning. This means t hat according to the guidelines, positioning may be done when pressure is less than the threshold for causing or worsening pressure ulcers. Similarly, pressure at some point may exceed the threshold level but may not be detected for repositioning. The discrepancy between the guidelines and practice suggest inefficiency in prevention of pressure ulcers, under the guidelines, and this can be inferred to management. Nurses can resolve this by using technology to identify real time pressure at different points of a patient’s body. With such an approach, repositioning can be effective in preventing pressure ulcers and in offloading pressure from affected regions to facilitate recovery. In addition to accurate monitoring of pressure, nurses can also collaborate with physicians and surgeons to promote surgical intervention for management of pressure ulcers (Giaquinto-Cilliers, 2014). This can facilitate

Why hunting is positive for the environment Essay Example for Free

Why hunting is positive for the environment Essay Hunting can be used in many different ways that all have a positive effect on the environment. Hunting is helpful in many positive ways to keep the environment clean and healthy. Hunting has been used since the beginning of time and has always been here. Throughout the years, there have been many different groups of people that are pro-hunting and many different groups that have been against hunting. Since hunting began, many of the people who are pro-hunting has kept the environment clean and healthy. Hunting has many positive effects on the environment that are beneficial. Some of these benefits include but are not limited to the large economic benefit to the wildlife conservation through hunting equipment taxes, hunting license sales, and usage fees. Other benefits of hunting is all the money that is spent yearly by hunters on equipment, hunting trips, and guide services. Hunters also contribute highly to keeping the environment clean and healthier by donating and contributing large sums of time and money to hunter run conservation groups that work to help increase natural wildlife habitats and populations (Hunting Benefits 1). An environment that is considered to be â€Å"good† would be one that involves situations of activities that maintain wildlife at current levels. Which means hunting is positive for the environment because the hunting community helps ensure that the wildlife populations of all the different types of game is kept in good conditions and can be proven to survive from this generation to the next (Gibbons 1). This means that hunters have to keep a variety of natural habitats to be kept intact, unpolluted, and undisturbed by unnatural forces. All of which hunters support these efforts (Gibbons 1). Wildlife hunting in all aspects plays a major role in helping keep the environment as clean and natural as possible; therefore, hunting should be permitted with rules and regulations. Hunting has helped the environment financially. Hunting benefits the environment financially by providing many different ways to help raise money to help keep the environment clean and natural. An environment that is considered to be â€Å"good† would be one that involves situations of activities that maintain wildlife at current levels. Which means hunting is positive for the environment because the hunting community helps ensure that the wildlife populations of all the different types of game is kept in good conditions and can be proven to survive from this generation to the next (Gibbons 1). This means that hunters have to keep a variety of natural habitats to be kept intact, unpolluted, and undisturbed by unnatural forces. All of which hunters support these efforts (Gibbons 1). Keeping natural habitats as clean, natural, and undamaged as possible is a very important fact of having a sustainable place to hunt. Hunters are not the only people that are looking for environments clean and healthy like these. By providing ecosystems like these from hunting, it brings more revenue from other activities to help the natural world. Some of these activities include ecologists dependency on the environments for research. Hikers, bird-watchers, and wildflower viewers prefer habitats that are uncontaminated and full of wild living things (Gibbons 1). Even though most hunters and other groups do not prefer to share the same habitats, it gives an immense variety of wildlife seekers to have a common goal of healthy outdoors (Gibbons 2). Many people who are against hunting provide different ways that hunting is negative but hunting provides very strong financial aid to keeping the environment healthy. Hunting not only provides a way for natural food, but also gives much financial aid to having clean ecosystems. â€Å"The money hunters spend on their hunting licenses is pumped back into programs that help protect and enhance wildlife and the environment. If hunting is well regulated, as sports or recreational involvement, there are no major affects to the species, if anything it may help bring back species from the edge of extinction. Many wildlife managers view sport hunting as the principal basis for protection of wildlife (Blogspot 1). † The money that hunters have spent on the items that they buy to use to hunt is put back into organizations that help benefit the environment. Regulated hunting has more of a positive effect on the environment than it does detrimental and actually helps animal populations as a form of protection. â€Å"Hunting is a business in and of itself; in 2001 alone 13 million people in the U. S. went hunting and spent more than 20 billion dollars (Hunting Benefits 2). † This is stating that left alone, hunting is a highly successful and lucrative business. Hunting has benefited the environment sanitarily. Many different types of hunting cover nearly all ecosystems, keeping them natural and safe. There are many different organizations that work to keep the environment clean from pollution and other harmful things. Many hunters volunteer and work independently to keep the environment safe and clean. Hunters do more than just kill animals, they keep the environment safe for everyone including the animals. Hunting is one of the most effective ways to a clean environment. â€Å"This negative view of hunter’s ethics is wrong; in reality hunting is an essential conservation tool (Hunting Benefits 3). † If hunting were to be illegal, the world would lose one of the biggest conservation tools it has to offer. Hunting has helped benefit the environment by keeping the populations of animals in balance. On a national average, nearly 1. 5 million deer are hit every year causing billions of dollars in damage to vehicles and making insurances rise (Deer 1). When there is an overpopulation of deer or other animal in the woods, they begin to move out of their home in search for food. This could mean either going out of the area in the woods that they live in and going to other parts and staying out of human contact or as what has occurred before is the animals moving into areas that are populated by humans and being killed and causing accidents. By hunting the deer and keeping their populations in check, it helps keep the deer from migrating out of their forest homes and wandering into suburban areas in search for food (Deer 1). This is potentially dangerous for humans because when accidents begin to happen by hitting the deer, people can either be seriously injured or killed in some cases. With the proper rules and regulations in place, wildlife hunting plays a major role to help keep the environment clean, healthy, and as natural as possible. Killing animals for sport or just to be able to hang trophies on the wall is cruel and unethical. By killing animals for food and to keep the populations in balance is a good thing and keeps a healthy food chain in the environment. Hunting can help benefit the environment in many different ways. It keeps it clean and prosperous.

Subcultural Theories of Youth Offending

Subcultural Theories of Youth Offending Introduction The essay will look at historical subcultural theories and explanations which play a role in explaining youth offending behaviour. It will in particular focus on deviant and radical subcultural theories including theories from Merton and Cohen and look at ways in which these theories are still prevalent amongst contemporary society and continue to be relevant. The essay will consist of an in dept critical analysis of the arguments put forward. Browne (2000) defines a subculture as a group of people who hold their own norms, culture, ethnicity, sexuality and values. Subcultures are smaller cultures held by a group of people within a larger culture in the society of which they belong to. Crime and deviance subcultural explanations of deviance advocate that those individuals who commit deviant behaviours share similar values which are to an extent differentiated from the main values of society The dissertation will critically review the literature. It is useful to do this as it helps to identify to the validity of the literature. In carrying out a critical literature review it aids in ensuring that new research into the topic avoids the errors found in some earlier research. Aims and objectives of the dissertation will be to critically analyse literature of historical theorists well known for their work associated with early deviant subcultural theories and to explore their relevance within contemporary society and demonstrate how historical ideas differ and/or are similar with ideas from society today. Other aims and objectives include carrying out a critical analysis on the work of these theorists and of sources which information has derived from. Literature Early Radical and Deviant subcultural theories Robert Merton put forward the theory of anomie/ strains which posed of great relevance to subcultural theories in the origins of deviant subcultural theorists. The theory suggest that deviance is a means used to achieve societys goals when they cannot be achieved through legitimate means due to factors such as socio economic factors, disadvantages in education and job prospects. This can then place strain upon these individuals as they want to achieve the goals but lack the opportunity for doing so by conventional means, (Cote, 2002). Great Britain Department for Work and Pensions (2004) in their sixth annual report state that many neighbourhoods have been subject to a spiral of decline. Areas with high unemployment and crime rates attain bad reputations resulting in businesses and employers to move out and which means there is high turnover and plenty of housing which is left empty posing opportunity for crime, vandalism and drug dealing. This supports Mertons view that deviance may in actual fact be a result of deprived areas posing disadvantages on individuals. This provides strong support for Mertons theory as it has been derived from a credible government organisations findings which have been providing data for the government for six years. Cohen (1955) criticised Mertons theory however and states that it does not account for crimes which are committed for no apparent reason. He fails to address why acts of deviance may take place where they fail to provide any monetary value. Cohen believes that acts of deviance take place out of fun not out of necessity. He also believes that crime does not take place on an individual level but as a collective problem for gang members who seek audiences in order to gain status and respect. In addition Cohen (1973) states that undesirable subcultures may be used as scapegoats for the government and law officials with the aim of creating moral panic so they can be viewed as fighting off these delinquents. There have been occasions when the governments claims have been questioned. BBC (2002) talk about the government placing blame for the growth of youth crime on incompetent and violent parents. Questions however have been raised as to whether the government is evading responsibility for the increase of crime levels to parents. This can however only be a matter of raising questions as to whether or not the government exercise the use of scapegoating. Baerveldt et al (2006) used criteria from work carried out by Goode and Yehuda to carry out an investigation to prove the hypothesis that a moral panic relating to youth crime has been prevalent since the 1990s in the Netherlands. They had found that most of the criteria identified by Good and Yehuda had been met however it was unclear that the underpinning of this moral panic was solely down to beurocratic processes. There were also flaws identified with the methodology or the research and Baerveld et al felt that future research should be more comparative looking at moral local panics or comparing panics with non-panics. This suggests that the finding from this study may not be as significant as the methodology may have been flawed. The work carried out by various sociologists in The Chicago School also contributed to the origins of deviant subcultural theories. Hopkins Burke (2008) speaks of the Sociologist Ernest Burges who put forward a theory of social disorganisation in 1928. The University of Chicago Centennial Catalogues (2010) state that Burgess played a central role in research which he contributed to the Chicago School of sociology. He observed that there was a high presence of criminal behaviour in the zones of transition. He put this down to the constant expansion of the business district into these areas resulting in the displacement of residents in this area. As this was one of the most desirable zones to live in, it was an area of attraction for immigrants who were too poor to live elsewhere. Burges claimed that this resulted in the weakening of family and communities due to social patterns. Shaw and McKay state that it is neighbourhood organisation which allowed or prevented offending behaviour. They noted that parents of youths from neighbourhoods which were wealthier fulfilled their childrens needs resulting in less crime in the areas. However they stated that in the zone of transition families were strained as a result of migration, poverty and rapid urban growth. Left with little support children and young people had no social constraints placed on them therefore were more likely to seek friends in the streets of the city in search for excitement. It can be argued however that poverty does not always lead to crime as there are people who want to break the cycle of poverty and change their lives around. BBC (2005) state that the cycle of poverty (As shown in Appendix 1) is where families or communities become trapped in poverty as a result of limited resources such as education, and finance. Breaking the cycle of poverty can be demonstrated by the self made millionaire Sir Alan Sugar; his early life began by being brought up in a council estate. It can be said that in some situations being bought up in poverty may have a positive effect on some people, Barke and OHare (1991). However sometimes it may be necessary to commit crimes in order to break thee cycle of poverty. Jenks (2005) stated that The Chicago School contributed to the discovery of new and different people. Subcultural studies by The Chicago School discovered new ways of life and different sides of cities. Albert Cohen is a well known theorist for contributing to early US deviant subculture theories throughout the 1940s and 1950s. Burke (2005) talks about Cohens deviant subculture theory, which suggests that it is the family position in the social structure which determines the childs actions in later life. Cohen states that juvenile delinquents were motivated to offend in order to achieve status, with their offending serving no real purpose. He questioned acts of deviance which were non finance motivated such as vandalism. He put this down to a term which he described as status frustration. He talks about mainly working class boys who are denied of any status achievement through education which ultimately leads to failings in education and future prospects. This according to Cohen caused frustration due to the lack of goal achievement and as a result they formed delinquent subcultures in order to create new achievable goals of their own. Moreover Cohen believes they take middle class values and rebel against them. This theory replaces the emphasis that Merton placed on financial incentive for delinquent behaviour with the focus being on the achievement of status. Cohen rightly shows how deviance is a rational response to life and indicates how it can be learnt through peer groups. Moreover Cohens theory offers a good explanation for non utilitarian crimes. Cloward and Ohlin in Downes and Rock (1988) disagree with Cohen and state that he overrated the role of school and education as the cause of delinquency. Short and Strodbeck (1974) however found little evidence to support Cohens claims of rejection towards middle class values of society within gangs Cohen has also been criticised for not accounting for female deviance and emphasising too much on males. Home Office (2003) looks at the summary of cautioning rates for non-monitoring offences by sex from 1992 to 2002 (see Appendix 2). This summary shows female cautioning to be relatively low, accounting for an average of 10% up until 1996. The rate then increases by a substantial amount between 1997 up until 1999 where at one point it is the same as males. From 2000 to 2002 there is a drop in the female figures. This shows that females do also account for offending behaviours and also shows how societys situation can change over the years and therefore one single theory which applies at one stage may not be sufficient enough to apply at later stages and therefore goes against the relevance of early deviant subcultural theories with regards to contemporary society. Albert Cohen is a well known for his work with relation to sociological explanations of theories of gangs; his theories have played an important role throughout the 1940s and 1950s. Cohens work has been of high relevance throughout the decades and continues to provide foundation for contemporary society, (Kinnear, 2009). The notion of the family position being a factor in causing deviant behaviour is also supported by Albert. K. Cohen who talks about breakdown of the family controls being a casualty of gang membership, (Cohen 1955). Albert Cohens work is supported by another well know researcher, Albert. K. Cohen and therefore provides more support for Albert Cohens claim that status achievement provides a source of encouragement for gang membership. ESRC Society Today (2009) state that members of organised gangs are generally males who are from broken families and lower class backgrounds. It is said that they may join gangs as they are more likely to gain moral support from them which encourages excuses of violence and criminal activities. They also spoke about the link between social class and crime in deprived neighbourhoods. This shows how the work of Cohen is still reflected in modern day society. Smith (2007) supports this by claiming that the majority of young offenders derive from broken homes and that gangs usually consist of boys who have never been a part of an intact family. This supports the view that broken homes contribute to delinquent behaviour. This provides support for the notion that it is males who are usually involved in gangs is still consistent with modern day ideologies. Macdonald (1995) also supports the view that it is generally males who join gangs and states that males gain identity from being in a gang whereas women tend to pursue independence. Muncie (2004) discusses Cohens work further and talks about the concept of status frustration which is similar to Mertons anomie/strain theory. It states that children who are lower class feel this notion of status frustration as they feel they can not meet the same criteria as the children from the middle class so they seek groups who share similar status frustration in which they fit in better. Muncies claim demonstrates that Cohens work is still relevant to modern day researchers. This view can be supported by the work of Gold and Mann (1972) who found that it was students who achieved lower grades with the most involvement in delinquent behaviour. They also reported that these students felt threatened by academic failure which lowered their self esteem and delinquency was a factor which was identified in order to raise esteem. This link can still be found in schools. Wales News (2009) states that only 28 percent of children who were entitled to receive free school meals received 5 GCSEs graded A* to C whilst 62% of other pupils received these grades. This shows the link between social deprivation and underachievement as children who receive free school meals are receiving school meals as a result of social deprivation. This is a neo-Marxist argument in the sense that it suggests that the most powerful culture in society (middle class children who do not get free school meals) will over rule the lower class in terms of education and future prospects (children who receive free school meals). According to the Marx class theory the bourgeoisie (the capital class) are economically the dominant class, as a result of their ownership and control of means of production. Neo Marxists also claimed the bourgeoisies were politically the ruling class. The proletariat (the working class) are property-less and must work for the bourgeoisies in order to sustain a living, (Messner and Krohn, 1990). Therefore it can be said that neo-Marxist views are consistent ideologies which are evident within everyday contemporary society. Social Justice Challenge (2007) state that more than 3 in 4 of young offenders have no educational qualifications. This supports the view that the majority of delinquents lack in education and this may be the underlying factor which influences delinquency. This shows that in actual fact modern day society does project similar notions as ones identified in the 90s and therefore the changing nature of contemporary society does not invalidate theories which were established in the past completely. Cloward and Ohlin like Cohen and Matza and Skye, were known for contributing towards early deviant subcultural theories. They build on the work of the strain disorganised perspectives in their theory of differential association theory and state that delinquency was most prevalent within lower class subcultures however they take different forms. They propose three different types of deviant subcultures and state that the ability for them to develop depends on the opportunities available to them to commit deviant crimes and also the area in which they derive from (Burke, 2008). This is however based on a subjective nature and therefore may not be sufficient enough to solely rely on this theory. It can be argued that the validity of this may be supported in the sense that a number of different theorists share similar notions which have derived from the work they have carried out. In addition their view is also supported by findings from a study conducted by Elliott and Ageton (1985) who studied National samples and found that lower class youths committed four times as many offences as middle class youths and one and a half times as many as working class youths. This supports the views that delinquency is more prevalent within the lower classes. The figures of these samples however may not show the true statistics as they may not account for the dark figures of crime, which Koffman (1996) defines as crimes which have not been reported such as white collar crimes. White collar crimes are crimes which are committed by people who are educated with a high social status. These crimes are hard to detect as they are often carried out by highly intelligent individuals and can therefore be less visible than blue collar crimes which are usually committed by the working class., (Sutherland, 1945). Examples of white collar crime can be demonstrated with the recent MPs expenses scandal in 2009 which went undetected for a long period of time. Tittle (1995) argues that the impact of social class on crime is a myth. Although there may be some truth on this claim, it is of a subjective nature which is presented without any supporting findings to back it up with. Thee first of the three deviant subcultures identified is by Cloward and Ohlin was criminal gangs which are believed to emerge in areas where there are conventional and non conventional codes of behaviour with the combination of lawful and unlawful businesses. BBC (2009) report that the criminal gangs in the UK are costing the country up to  £40bn a year and about 30,000 criminals in the UK are members of organised crime gangs. They have also been described as having derived from areas which hold similar traits to those described by early subcultural theories. The second of the identified deviant subcultures was the conflict or violent gang which develop from individuals from unstable backgrounds. It is defined as grouping which develops as a result of absence of stable criminal organisation and consists of members who seek status and reputation from committing violent crimes which are often carried out as random acts of crime. Guardian (2005) talks about criminal gangs from several neighbourhoods in London who call themselves Muslim Boys in order to pretend they have links with global terrorism and to gain status by causing fear within public domain. The third of these is the retreatist gang who are individuals who retreat to sex, drugs and crime as a result of failure in successfully perusing legitimate and illegitimate opportunities. National Youth Violence Prevention Resource Centre (2004), describes gangs which are involved in similar activities and hold traits similar to the retreatist gang which Cloward and Ohlin identified. This shows that all three gangs described by Cloward and Ohlin are still prevalent in modern day society and suggests that their research may not be in dated. However it is important to remember that although the types of gangs identified still exist there may be many more different types which have formed during the years. According to Sykes and Matza (1957) delinquents drift in and out of offending. They state that this delinquent behaviour fluctuates due to the neutralisation theory which attempts to explain how deviants try to justify their deviant behaviours by explaining to themselves and others their lack of guilt. They identified five different types of rationalisations, these are, denial of responsibility, denial of injury, the denial of the victim, the condemnation of condemners and the appeal to higher loyalties. This theory attempts to explain why delinquents drift in and out of delinquency as many delinquents feel or express remorse and guilt as a result of their criminal act. Another reason for this may be because delinquents frequently show respect for law abiding citizens. Sykes and Matzas (1957) techniques of neutralisation were introduced at a time in society where there were great concerns over juvenile delinquency, this meant they had a large sample of delinquents to study as there was a large outbreak of delinquency within society at this moment in time. Post modern deviant subcultural theories Post-modernism rejects the idea that theories or meta-narratives are sufficient enough to apply to modernity. Post modern theories state that it is aspects such as fashion, image and popular culture which are most relevant. It stressed that contemporary Britain consists of diverse and fragmented social groups from different backgrounds, (Hopkins-Burke and Sunly 1998). An example of post-modern youth culture is rap music. Hopkins-Burke and Sunley (2008) state that in the 1990s gangsta rap which is a form of black music that derived from the USA became a popular phenomenon in Britain. This style of music promoted problems to stem from the white culture and carried out criminal activity as a solution to this problem. This style of music is also popular within other ethnic groups. Osgerby (2004) stated that there was a rise in gangsta rap around the 1980s and 90s which provides support for Hopkins- Burke and Sunlys theory as modernity may bring about new trends, fashion and culture which influence delinquent behaviour. The songs of gangsta rappers such as Tupac Shakur and Notorious B.I.G were far from discreet in rapping about guns, violence and their hate for the police. Critics stated that their music could promote crime and violence within society as people looked up to them and may have seen it as a cool concept. This is also supported by the Guardian (2005) who talks about criminal gangs around London who communicate in slang, most of which had derived from black American rap music. Seifert (2009) also supports this by claiming that children absorb information like a sponge and that because of this they are likely to withdraw into a world of fantasy and misinterpretation of the violence and lifestyle portrayed in rap music. Sutherland (1937) warns of the dangers of preconditions for criminal behaviour such as motivation and attitudes which have to be learnt. This supports the views that the messages gangsta rap music promote may pose to be a detrimental threat according to Sutherlands views. Deviant subculture theories were revisited and revised by neo-Marxist sociologists and criminologists at the Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies (BCCCS). They observed that deviant subcultures were a result of structural economic problems created by social change. The work by BCCCs was in some way similar to Merton and The Chicago School theories as they all suggest similar factors and concepts play a role in influencing deviant subcultures. The BCCCS focused on mainstream youth and delinquency and spectacular youth subcultures (Hopkins-Burke 2008) Hopkins Burke and Sunley (1988) state that early British subcultural theories focused on levels of economic activity and the structural class analysis playing a key role in explaining delinquency. A good example of this can be demonstrated by the Global credit crunch which we are currently experiencing. Telegraph (2008) stated that a leaked home office letter revealed that the credit crunch could lead to a crime wave in the form of more crime and more illegal immigration. This shows that when people are suffering from lack of finance, crime is more likely to be carried out as a result in order to sustain a living. Hopkins-Burke and Sunely (1998) looked closer into such mainstream deviant subcultures. They talked about work carried out by Paul Corrigan whose work was highly influenced by American subcultural theories. He carried out a study on males aged between 14 to 15 years old within two working class schools in Sunderland. This study observed the distribution of power within the school environment. He argues that school is a concept which has been forced on to working class children in which the system attempts to force middle class values upon them. This in turn led to the working class children rebelling. In terms of spectacular youth subcultures, this was subcultures which consisted of generally the working class young people who possessed a distinctive style which included dress, lifestyles, behaviour patterns and musical styles. The types of people which have been identified as falling into this category are individuals who are: Teddy Boys. Mods, Skinheads and Punks. SDFS (1999) talk about how clothing and style can be a trademark which is adopted by juvenile gangs. They state that gang members wear certain types of clothing, colours or having certain hairstyles and tattoos. This is a common phenomenon within modern society and is important to keep up with as it helps identify members within gangs and trace them back to the criminal activities they may have committed. Hopkins-Burke and Sunley (1998) state that early subcultural studies put forward the notion of young delinquents as being social climbers climbing up the social ladder from lower class to middle class. Cohen (1973) states however that creation does not justify behaviour. Later studies support the notion that subcultural theories continue to provide relevance in contemporary society. This is demonstrated by the work of Wilson. Wilson puts forward the underclass theory in which he states groups which are from isolated neighbourhoods acquire fewer legitimate opportunities available to them in the form of employment, education and job information networks. All these deprivations of opportunities helps raise the likelihood of people turning to deviant activities, (Wilson, 1991). Hopkins-burke and Sunley (1998) talk about William (1989) and Moore (1991) who refer to poverty as central to the underclass thesis which results in individuals attempting to gain economic through other means such as crime. Rodger Hopkins Burk has done a vast amount of research on post-modern subcultural theories, Hopkins Burke (2008) states that Rodger Hopkins Burke is Principle Lecturer for Criminology at Nottingham Trent University and therefore his work is of a credible nature. The importance of early subcultural theories has also been stressed by Bailey (2004) who states that during the past decades many theorists have contributed towards what we now consider as being contemporary criminology. In addition, Blackman (2005) has accused postmodernism of being reluctant to focus on social structure. However he states that post-modern theories offer useful critical insights but their theories lack substance and critical application to young peoples social, economic and cultural lives. Conclusion From this critical literature analysis, the conclusion can be drawn that no single theory can sufficiently explain all delinquent behaviours as it has been shown that there can be many factors which play a role in contributing towards the causes and motives of delinquency. Also it can be said that early subcultural theories are still of relevance to contemporary society, however solely cannot be used in explanations of delinquent behaviour in modern day society as it has been demonstrated by post modern theorists that other factors may influence delinquency as trends and fashion change with society. The literature review has sufficiently met all its aims and objectives which were to answer the question as to whether early deviant subcultural theories still prove to be relevant within contemporary society. Recent sources have been used to demonstrate similarities and differences apparent with regard to early deviant subcultural theories and modern day society. The literature review has also met aims of critically analysing research and sources. The literature review has looked into the history of subcultural theories which consisted of deviant and radical explanations of delinquency. Taylor et al (1975) defines radical delinquency as being a conservative theory of delinquency, which looks at theories put forward by theorists such as Marx. Hopkins Burke (2005) states that deviant subcultures share common notions which are that certain social groups have values and attitudes which influence delinquency. Many early subcultural theories have been put forward in order to explain deviant behaviour. Merton states that deviance occurs as a result of financial incentives whereas Cohen put forward the view that it is status frustration which motivates delinquency, other theorists such as Miller believe delinquency is related to class cultures and post modern theories state that it has got to do with certain trends prevalent within society at any given time such as influences from the Rap music culture. The analysis consists of work from The Chicago School who according to Colosi (2010) were the first major body to emerge during the 1920s to study youth offending. Theorist such as Albert Cohen, Cloward and Ohlin who were described by Cressey (1999) as pioneering theorists and praised for addressing both origin and transmissions of deviant subcultures. These theorists work has undoubtedly contributed vastly towards deviant subcultural theories in the past but also provided foundation for modern day theorists to base their work upon. This supports the view that early subcultural theories do provide relevance to modern day society and even if they may not be directly relevant they may pose relevance in the sense that their work can be further studied and built upon with relation to future research. Post-modern theories however raise the important issues of early deviant subcultural theories not being able to account for newer influences which derive as a result of changes in society. This has been shown by theorists such as Burke and Sunley (1988) who propose that delinquent behaviour may be influenced by aspects such as rap music, drugs and alcohol. Substance Abuse and Mental health Service Administration (2003) discuss findings from The National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA) (2000) which found a relationship between alcohol usage and emotional and behavioural problems in adolescents. These behavioural problems included delinquent and criminal behaviours. This supports the statement that other factors which have risen with societal changes play a role in influencing delinquent behaviour. Post modern studies help compare how society has changed throughout the years and are more up to date on modern day society and therefore has been able to provide newer insights into the causes and influences of deviant behaviours. According to Tanner (1996) early subcultural theories in the 1960s and 1970s were subjected to vast amount of criticisms. He claims that they exaggerated the cultural differences between delinquent and non delinquent individuals. These place focus upon delinquent individuals rejection towards middle class values. Siegel (2007) accuses early subcultural theories of being of a descriptive nature. He states that they sufficiently describe values and how they are transmitted in a normal process of socialisation but fail to address their origins. This is something Cohen has been accused of doing as he fails to address cultural differences. For instance his theory of delinquency identifies that it is the need for status which causes delinquent behaviour but he fails to address where this status frustration derives from, so his theory does not explain what has caused this need for status and what factors are involved in this process. He has also been criticised for placing too much emphasis on the male gender. As the analysis found female offending has increased over the years. This shows how he has ignored cultural differences as he fails to address the issues of women and crime. Another criticism Cohens has been criticised for is to having placed too much focus on working class crimes and middle class crimes have not said to been accounted for and neither have individual acts of crimes been considered. In addition it has also been argued by critics that there is too much emphasis and research focused upon delinquency within schools. They state that delinquency within schools is only short lived and episodic and therefore they cannot be generalised as being full time delinquents. As stated earlier Matza (1964) supports these criticisms by arguing that the majority of youths in schools who are less successful tend to only drift in and out of rebellious traits which have little influence upon later life, thus supporting the views that delinquency is episodic. Millers claims of deviance being an extension of working class culture in schools was also subject to criticisms. Subcultural theories were said to over ex