Do Family Friendly Policies Hurt Men?

But as companies add these benefits, some male employees ( and some childless women as well) have complained that the company Is spending money on benefits that flow to some workers at the expense ( at least theoretically) of others. Some men have even complained that fathers don't get assistance with child care or an opportunity to bring their babies to work. In fact, In the united States, companies do have to extend the same benefits to fathers as to mothers (except, of course, that if a mother is disabled after childbirth, she is the one who gets the usability benefit).But men note that it is women who are more likely to use these benefits, even though studies show that men are experiencing more work- life conflict than male workers did a few decades ago. And as more pregnant women stay on the job, the disparity is as obvious as the bulging bellies.The best way to distribute the cost and benefits of flexibility is to offer to every employee that may need it. Also the ones who It d on't need the benefit of flexibility, give them a longer break for lunch or give rewards to keep the employees up to speed. 2. Do employee benefits have to be used equally In order for them to be fair or ethical? Why or why not? If you were In the HER department of a company where some employees were unhappy about this Issue, how would you recommend that the many address It?Now if I understand this right, I believe that if the benefits were equally given to all employees and not just women with children, I believe this would be fair and ethical. Instead of being equally used, I believe all the employees should have access to all the benefits of the company. If I was in the HER department, I would say that all the TTS snow a De offer to can employee. ASK around Ana get ten employees involved and see what is most needed. Finally, find ways that would benefit both men and women.

Enron Accounting Fault Essay

Enron is frequently given as an example of creative accounting. It is also given as a good example of accounting fraud and insider trading. This is a good example of creative accounting taken too far – not many would disagree that it was accounting fraud, although some would say they were just unlucky to get caught. after all, the auditors were Arthur Anderson, at the time one of the most respected auditing firms. Creative Accounting – Example 1 – Creating multiple trading entities The creative accounting involved setting up other entities and then trading with these entities. This is a common practice; many businesses divide their operations into sectors that perform specialist functions and then trade is carried out between these various entities. However, normal applicable accounting standards (GAAP), would require that some sort of financial consolidation is performed and the full picture reported. However, there was a bias to record income, revenue, and profits from transactions with these entities; rather than costs, expenses, and losses. Creative Accounting – Example 2 – Moving business segments offshore Enron created these entities offshore. This is also a common practice in accounting and tax planning. Many businesses do this to reduce the amount of taxes they pay, this can be done legally (tax avoidance) and it can take illegal forms (tax evasion). Offshore entities usually enjoy an enhanced level of privacy, this can make it difficult for local governments and auditors to gain insights into what is going on. Enron appears to have manged to succeed for a long time in hiding what was going on from both auditors, investors, and potential whistle-blowers. If Enron was recording profits, and assuming not much else was happening in these other entities, then these offshore entities would be recording losses. These losses were conveniently recorded away from the financial statements and therefore investors and many staff never new about them. Creative Accounting and Insider Trading The executives didn’t stop here. By using creative accounting and fraud to manipulate profits, they were able to affect the stock price, the next logical and illegal step was to start to trade the stock to benefit from the inside knowledge they had. This is know as insider trading and is illegal in most countries.

TOWS Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

TOWS - Research Paper Example The company is listed in LSE and in FTSE 100 index. It has also got second listing in NASDAQ. Internal Strengths The company works with 354 companies of Fortune Global 500; 28 companies of Dow Jones 30, 60 companies from NASDAQ 100 and 33 companies of Fortune 50. Therefore, the international client portfolio of the company comprise of several world renowned companies. The customer centric high quality of the service offered by WPP also adds to its inner strength. Internal Weaknesses The recession phase of 2008-2009 had a negative influence on the operation of WPP. This resulted in poor revenue and constantly shrinking profitability. In 2007, the profit for the year was $1,037.2 million that declined in 2008 by $ 934.2 million and finally it reached $ 819.9 million in 2009. Again, the company’s clients are mainly from the developed nation (US and UK). This results in too much dependency on the developed nations from west. This low degree of diversification enhances business ris k of WPP. External Opportunities Considering the economic growth in the developing markets, the company has an opportunity to diversify its client base and enter in these emerging nations. China is the world’s fastest growing followed by India (BBC NEWS, â€Å"Overview†). Therefore, the Asian nations are developing at a faster rate. The companies in these nations are trying to compete with international revivals and thus WPP can offer them the required expertise knowledge and guidance. As the US economic condition is reviving, the companies are in the process to expand their marketing budget. This will result in more business prospective for WPP. External Threats In the last decade, the companies have realised importance of integrated marketing communication to attract and retain their customer base. As a result they are ready to pay high fees to the ad agencies. This made the marketing communication service sector one of the attractive industries for the new entrants and the degree of competition in this sector has grown a lot (Neff, p.2). This growing competition is a major threat for WPP. Apart from the growing competition, there is risk of double-dip recession in Euro zone (Hannon, â€Å"UN Sees Risk Of Double-Dip Recession As Europe Pursues Austerity†). This disturbs the economic recovery rate in Euro Zone and considering the fear of financial crisis, companies are hesitating to invest in marketing related activities. SO box The high economic growth in emerging market that is resulting in growing demand for international marketing communication as well as the customer centric service offered by WPP reflects healthy sigh of growth for the company in near future. Considering these internal strength of the company and the external opportunity, it can be said that the company has a sound growth prospect in these emerging markets. WO box Though the global market condition is improving but WPP’s poor financial performance can deterio rate its image as a market leader in global marketing communication industry. The company may face problem in raising fresh capital to expand its business in near future because the creditors may doubt about WPP’s ability to repay the loan. This may hamper the growth prospects of the company. ST box The customer based high quality communication service is one of the major strength of the company. This should be effectively used to face the threat from growing competiti

Alcohol & other drug counselling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Alcohol & other drug counselling - Essay Example The book, (Tracy J Jarvis & Jenny Tebbutt & Richard P Mattick & Fiona Shand 2005, p. 88), could be a great ray of hope. The Elevation of Alcoholism The elevation of alcoholism as well as other drug abuse has encouraged many treatments to appear in the market. There are different types of drug treatment which are entirely dependent upon the seriousness of the matter. Now, each drug has its own side effects. The ill effects of the drugs like heroine and coke is immense. It is potent enough to cause hallucination therefore known as hallucinogen. Addiction to alcohol and other drugs not only triggers the health but also social and family matters. Excessive consumption of morphine, coke, heroin can also lead to death. The rate of Juvenile offenders has also increased along with crimes like rape, murders, theft and etc. Families fall apart due to this curse of alcoholism. (Cengage Education Alcohol and Other Counselling Book 1. - Theory and terminology, Sociological aspects, Effects of sub stances use, Assessment and referral, Treatment approaches, Brief intervention strategiesm 2008, p. 10)Â  provides intricate information regarding the effects on family, society and etc. Sharing needles among the users welcomes deadly diseases such as jaundice, AIDS, hepatitis and all other severe blood borne diseases (Cengage Education Handbook 19481S -Health care workers on alcohol and other drug problems 2008, p. 15). Australia is worried about the usage of cannabis as per the press reports provided by ABC News. The effects of smoking cannabis are much adverse in people from 30-50 age groups. There are many rehabilitation centers that are helping Australian by initiating drug abuse and alcohol counseling.

Annotated bibliography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Annotated bibliography - Essay Example Their hypothesis is that closer peer groups directly influence marijuana consumption. They used the results of the Spanish Survey on Drug Use in the School Population in 2004 that included 24,561 informants. They created a probit model, where two alternative peer variables are used in their formula. They discovered that when factors of peer pressure are controlled, peer group effects on marijuana consumption are significant, and that closer peers can affect marijuana usage more than other peer variables. Education Economics is a valid source, because it aims to study educational issues using economics as a framework. Duarte, Escario, and Molina are credible authors, because they instruct in the field of economics. The article is a secondary source that uses information from a comprehensive survey. The findings can be applied to students 12 to 18 years old, although cultural and contextual factors have to be considered. This article is linked to my research question, because the intro duction part provides the negative effects of marijuana in the health and academic conditions of students. It suggests that legalizing marijuana will be bad for students in general, because of negative impacts on mental health and academic achievement. ... â€Å"Prevalence and Intensity of Basic Symptoms among Cannabis Users: An Observational Study.† American Journal of Drug & Alcohol Abuse 37.2 (2011): 111-116. Martinotti et al. wanted to know if cannabis use results to psychosis, or if psychosis draws people to cannabis consumption. They also studied the relationship between family history of psychosis and experience of subjective experiences. They examined a sample of 502 healthy university students by studying the presence and level of subjective experiences (SEs) and their connection to cannabis use. Subjective experiences pertain to psychotic-like experiences, such as changes in perceptions and having magical skills or seeing magic. Findings showed that 114 subjects smoked cannabis, and that 20.5 percent smoked one joint every week, while 71.9 percent used it sporadically for a year. The authors learned that cannabis use did not result to greater SEs, whether it is smoked daily or protracted within one year. Furthermore, t hey discovered that SEs are higher for users with a history of psychiatric problems in the family. American Journal of Drug & Alcohol Abuse is a valid source, because it is a peer-reviewed journal, and it uses clinical and other empirical methods in studying drug and alcohol abuse issues. The authors are also reliable, because they are part of different public and educational institutions and they have knowledge in studying and teaching this topic. The article is related to my research question, since it provides evidence that marijuana does not always lead to psychosis, although it can increase psychotic risks for people who come from families that have psychiatric illnesses. Like Duarte, Escario, and Molina, this article suggests that legalizing marijuana

BHS 328 - Team Building (Mod 3 CBA) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

BHS 328 - Team Building (Mod 3 CBA) - Essay Example nt helps to nurture a culture where every individual is given an equal opportunity regardless of his/her designation, age, gender and race to participate in an organization’s decision making process. In recent years, there has been a growing number of organizations that focus on delegating power to employees to make decisions since it warrants an environment where everyone can give their opinion and this not only enhances the creativity of an individual, it also increases the sense of ownership. In Books4Us, there is a concept of authoritative management which requires that every employee needs to ask his/her manager for making decisions which hampers him/her from taking any risk and thinking out-of-the box. Due to stiff competition, the organization needs innovation ideas to capture the market share but due to low level of empowerment, employees rely on their managers to give them instructions for each task regardless of its complexity and novelty. An Open Book Management culture will encourage employees to study the external environment and leverage the strengths of the organization to avail the opportunities at hand. Moreover, delegating authority to employees helps in building trust between the employee and his superior since the employee senses that he is trusted with the job therefore he strives to his best capability and this results in a higher-level of motivation. Lack of empowerment has resulted in lack of shared vision, mission and goals due to which every employee is pursuing personal goals and focusing on individual achievement rather than the success of Books4us. Increase in the level of authority held by each employee will result in the organization working as a team seeking identical objectives rather than acting as discrete groups. â€Å"What better way to tap into workers brains as well as their brawn than to encourage them to think on the job, to bring to it a greater sense of professionalism and self-motivation and to feel committed to the

Shaw Flooring Company Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Shaw Flooring Company Analysis - Essay Example Main products of Shaw Flooring involve carpets, area rugs, ceramic tiles, hard wood flooring, laminate flooring, and hard wood laminate flooring. Along with this other related products such as floor coverings of hard wood and vinyl also manufactured by them. Designing and manufacturing of both commercial and residential carpet products are carried on within the company's owned facilities. The raw material used for the carpet products are mainly tufted nylon yarn. For making carpet samples separate division are formed in the organization. The carpet sampling division provides service to its customers. By formulating samples of their own it becomes more cost-effective for the firm. For the distribution of finished products direct retail marketing is adopted by the company. This direct sales strategy helps them to get successful growth with higher market share than competitors. Adoption of new technology of continuous dying ranges act as competitive advantage for the company. Most of the production processes are carried on within the company's own plants. This makes the production process more cost effective. Characteristics such as innovation, leadership, product performance, quality, service, and value achieved by the company also act as competitive advantage for them in the carpet industry. ... Recycling of used products and scraps and wastes for further production is another strategy of Shaw flooring. When doing the recycling process quality control techniques are also implemented. Shaw's carpet recycled product, EcoWorx is the only one in that category which provides a guarantee of return back of carpet tile up at the end of its life. The wastage is utilized for producing energy and this provides them low cost energy for all of their process. Together with this environmentally better removal of wastage is also attained by them. These act as competitive advantages of the firm in the industry. (Shaw Industries). 3. Quality Management: For the implementation of quality control, Six Sigma total quality management system is adopted by the company. A certified Six Sigma Manager is appointed by the company and he is responsible for specifying improvement in the production efficiency of the manufacturing process by applying his Six Sigma skills and tools. He is required to issue reports to Plant Manager regarding the improvement process within the company's facilities. A Quality Assurance Manager is also appointed and he is responsible for the overall product quality within the company's manufacturing facility. He is also charged with discharging customers' claims and develops and implements quality improvement tools within the firm. He is required to report to the Plant Manager about the proper working of the production department. The Super wiser of the company is also charged with ensuring the quality and production standards within their shift. (Career Opportunities). 4. Process Design: Tufting process is used by the company for the production of carpets. The transformation process of carpet

Polluters pays principle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Polluters pays principle - Essay Example It is this relentless pursuit of growth around the world that is causing increasingly dangerous levels of environmental degradation and giving rise to the phenomenon of climate change with all its consequences. Environmental concerns of the earlier years that focused on adverse effects on human health have since long moved to the more universal concerns regarding the very survival of life on this planet. These concerns have led to concerted efforts at national and international levels to enact stringent laws to safeguard our environment. These laws embody the principle of ‘polluter pays’ and are intended not only to control and regulate emissions / discharges (including, due to unforeseen incidents) from any economic activity, but also to forewarn the businesses of the penal liabilities for failing to confirm to regulations. However there are arguments supporting and opposing the effectiveness of this principle. This article examines them in the light of specific incidents and proposes that the principle of ‘polluter pays’ is a sufficient and necessary deterrent for any The polluter pays principle came into vogue in 1973 and was incorporated into the European Communities Treaty in 1987 (Coffey and Newcombe, 2002, p.1-3). The European Communities Act, 1972 (UK) enabled the government of UK to implement European Community Law as a domestic law through regulations brought before the Parliament to make the necessary changes to the UK laws (UK Law online, 2009). The Environmental Damage (Prevention and Remediation) Regulations 2009 is one such instance concerning the UK environmental laws and it came into force on March 1, 2009 embodying the polluter pays principle. By using the terms remediation and liabilities, the concept of making good any damage to the environment / suffering penalties, is brought forth through these regulations. In other words, businesses that conduct specified activities in all the three

Find solution and essay(Easy work) Research Paper

Find solution and essay(Easy work) - Research Paper Example From the lists of tables provided by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, Table 2.1 shows the Personal Income and its Disposition (www.bea.gov, 1). Nominal personal income for the first quarter of 2011 is $12,980 billion while nominal disposable income is $11,711.6 billion after deducting nominal or current personal taxes of $1,268.4 billion. Nominal personal consumption or personal consumption expenditures comprise the largest part of the personal outlays as it amounted to $10, 683.8 billion. The nominal personal savings or the amount left from the disposable income after deduction of the personal outlays is $663.6 billion. Marginal propensity to save or MPS is the increase in savings per unit increase in income. It is computed by dividing the change in savings by the change in income. From the same table, Table 2.1, savings increased from $640 billion in the last quarter of 2010 to $663.6 billion in the first quarter in 2011. This means that savings increased by $23.6 billion. On the other hand, personal income also increased from $12,724 billion in the last quarter of 2010 to $12,980 billion in the first quarter of 2011. After subtracting the two amounts, there was a $256 billion increase in the personal income. From the formula, MPS = change in savings / change in income, MPS is equal to 0.09. Marginal propensity to consume or MPC is the increase in consumption spending per unit increase in income. It is computed by dividing the change in consumption expenditures by the change in income. And based from Table 2.1, personal consumption expenditure in the last quarter of 2010 was $10,513.6 and $10,683.8 in the first quarter of 2011. So, a $170.2 billion increase in personal consumption expenditure was computed. Following the formula, MPC = change in consumption/ change in income, MPC is equal to 0 .66. However, if MPS and MPC will be computed using income after deduction of

Can the ethos of equity as offering a remedy for the over-generality Essay

Can the ethos of equity as offering a remedy for the over-generality of the law be reconciled with the formality requirements of sec. 53 (LPA) - Essay Example efoucauld V Boustead [1897], where the defendant had property sold and the proceeds transferred to him, without the fair consideration that the plaintiff had equal interest in the property, which the defendant had transferred unfairly (Bar, Drobnig & Alpa, 2004 p511). The judge of the trial court had held that the estates had been transferred to the defendant, not as a trustee, but as a beneficial owner of the estates. However, the trial judge held that the existence of a trust relationship could be established. It is this generality that the ethos of equity seeks to address, and it is therefore possible to reconcile the provisions of the ethos of equity with the formality requirements of sec. 53 (LPA), since section 53 (1) (c) requires that a disposition of an equitable or trust that exists at the time of the disposition, be in writing and signed by the party disposing the property (McFarlane, Hopkins & Nield, 2012 p373). This provision safeguards against the unfair transfer without having involved the consent of the interested parties, which is also the objective of the ethos of equity. Therefore, the ethos of equity and formality requirements of sec. 53 (LPA) can be

Organic vs Non-Organic Essay Example for Free

Organic vs Non-Organic Essay What should I eat? That is the question on millions of American minds in the recent years. For years we have fallen for hype, forgoing one food type in favor of another, only to hear months or years later were doing it all wrong. More recently, the nations attention has turned to organic foods in our quest to eat healthy, get slim and live a long and active life. Pesticides, websites and newspapers warn, are leading to an unhealthy America. The use of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, otherwise known as DDT, is brought up time and time again. Prior to 1973, the use of DDT was widespread and our main weapon against the war on pests. We now know the use of DDT led to massive effects on wildlife and humans (DDT- a Brief History, 2012). Who’s to say one of the many other pesticides and insecticides we spray today won’t take a similar turn down the road, articles ask? While it’s true any pesticide we use in traditional farming can lead to health problems in humans if consistently exposed, safeguards are put in place and testing is standardized by the United States government to prevent illness and death from the foods we eat. The same cannot be said about organic produce and meat. Organic foods do not have to withstand the same amount of rigorous testing as non-organic and what testing does take place is not even standardized (Tenser, 2013). This can lead to an increased threat of health problems for those who thought they were making the healthier choice. Studies have shown there is no real significant advantage, health wise, in choosing organic over non-organic and that label, and the higher price that accompanies, might not actually be worth it. Proponents of organic foods say they are free from pesticides and hormones used by companies to produce larger animals faster, thus leading to increased profits. Several of the pesticides used today have come under scrutiny of regulatory agencies. More of the vitamins and complex micro nutrients our bodies need to survive are retained when synthetic pesticides are not used. Using natural and biological pest control, organic foods are safer and a healthier alternative to commercialized fruits and vegetables. In actuality, it’s all a myth. There is no organic product on the market today that is free of synthetic pesticides. Over the years, the soil has retained some of the pesticide runoff, which keeps all foods today from being completely free of chemicals (Hom, 1992). The increase in manure usage that accompanies the shunning of synthetic fertilizers leads to an increased risk of E. coli and Salmonella outbreaks (Griswald, 2013, p. 1). This is because manure consists of a greater amount of bacteria and its use runs the risk of cross contamination. The rise in organic farming has led to many of the food borne illnesses that plagued much of the 2000s. The use of hormones is grossly overstated; commercial chicken is not injected with hormones, contrary to what organic food suppliers want you to believe. The use of hormones does nothing to help the chicken become larger or grow faster. Hormone use would simply be a waste of money since no profit is gained from it (Poultry Housing Tips, 2012). In regards to the argument fruits and vegetables grown organically have more of the vitamins and nutrients retained in them, this is true, however a person focused on a well-rounded and healthy diet has no fear of missing certain nutrients their body needs. Not to mention, often times a scrubbing of soap and water cleans off all pesticide residue from any fruits and vegetables you are going to enjoy. If you can afford them, buy them, recommends New York University professor Marion Nestle, PhD (Zelman, n. d. ). Spending a few dollars more for that organic chicken will save mountains of hospital bills down the road, organic food marketers say. Consumers of organic foods spend on average $4000 more a year, convinced the extra expenditure is well worth it in the long run. Also, by spending more, youre told you’re helping save the environment; by not using synthetic pesticides the soil and streams cannot be contaminated. It is true a lean toward more organic farming leads to a more stable growing environment and an increase of local food production (Berger, 2013, p. 1). Still, organic foods are often trucked across state lines to groceries throughout the country. What the use of natural agents saves environmentally is canceled out by the exhaust spewed into the atmosphere and the fossil fuels used during the journey. The cost of organic foods is just not worth the payout. There have been many studies showing there is no real health benefit to eating organic foods (Watson, 2008). Fruits such as bananas and oranges and vegetables such as peas are not eaten whole; they require peeling which means they require less pesticide, meaning the higher price tag on the organic bananas just aren’t worth it. And as the price of organics rises, organics are seen as a status symbol, an â€Å"elitist stratification. † Organic food marketers capitalize on the class divide, marketing organics as a way to lead the beautiful, healthy life of the wealthy. They stress organics are healthier, better, worth the cost (Sprague, 2013, p 1). This is just simply not the case. A well rounded diet is all anyone needs to stay healthy and lead an active life. With this in mind, the higher price tag is just not worth the hype. It has been shown time and time again that organic foods do not have a greater health benefit compared to commercial foods. The label doesnt justify breaking the bank. A well rounded diet is just as beneficial to a healthy society, with or without the use of synthetic pesticides. Organic foods are not the guiding light they claim to be. There is one tried and true method to end most health concerns. Eat a varied diet. Getting all the vitamins and nutrition you need is up to you, not up to a label. References Berger, A. (2013). Organic foods are a healthier alternative. In Points of view reference center (p. 2). Retrieved from http://web. ebscohost. com. proxy. devry. edu/pov/ detail? sid=9b34ea84-d9c3-4c4a-8cf5- 2fe5b8ae172f%40sessionmgr112vid=1hid=113bda ta=JnNpdGU9cG92LWxpdmU%3d#db=pwhAN=43286303 DDT- A brief history and status. (2012, May 9). Retrieved May 25, 2013, from http://www. epa. gov/pesticides/factsheets/chemicals/ddt-brief-history-status. htm Griswald, A. (2013). Organic food: Overview. In Points of view reference center (p. 1). Retrieved from http://web. ebscohost. com. proxy. devry. edu/pov/ detail? sid=e32326f0-2d1a-4489-9176-71e40074d5be%40sessionmgr113vid=1hid=113bda ta=JnNpdGU9cG92LWxpdmU%3d#db=pwhAN=43286302 Hom, L. (1992). About organic produce. Retrieved May 25, 2013, from http://www. ocf. berkeley. edu/~lhom/organictext. html Poultry housing tips. (2012, April). Retrieved May 25, 2013, from The University of Georgia website: http://www. poultryventilation. com/sites/default/files/ tips/2012/vol24n4. pdf Sprague, N. (2013). Organic food is unnecessary and the current food.

Childcare and Education Essay Example for Free

Childcare and Education Essay E1- Summarise the factors which may influence the health and development of babies in the first year of their lives Environmental factors such as not having enough space in the garden for babies to move around to play and explore will influence their development as they maynot be able to expand their fine and gross motor skills. The environment can affect babies health and development as people around the baby who may smoke can transfer that smoke to the baby even if the smoke isnt directly infront of them. By having a ward and consistant home this can help the baby feel safe and secure therefore maintaining their health and development. Parents may not be able to afford toys and equipment for their child to play with, this may affect the child as the child may not get to experience different experiences. A stimulating environment for a baby is important as they will learn according to the opportunities they get, objects such as rattles, musical toys will encourage movement and interaction. Physical- This is important as babies development can be affected by this. The mother may not be able to take the baby for walks outside or carry the baby around or upstairs/downstairs due to disabilities that the mother or parents may have in general. Genetics is another factor which may influence health and development of the child as some illnessess are inherited. An example is Downs Syndrome, this is a genetic condition that causes physical and intellectual impariments. The mothers health plays a vital role in the development of a baby as women who are in good health during pregnancy are more likely of having a healthy baby, as the baby will be getting all the nurtition it needs to develop. If the mother is not healthy the baby will be affected by this. Emotional- After having a baby some mothers suffer or develop from post natal depression and this can affect how the mother and babys bond in the first few months. After a difficult birth post natal depression may develop, some women suffer generally from depression, if it has taken a mother a while to fall pregant and have children, and some women may develop this for some unkown reason. During the first month, some babies may develop faster or slower than average; this is only rarely a sign of a medical condition. Preterm babies born before the 37th week of pregnancy are physically younger than their full-term peers, so they may show signs of cognitive or physical delays. However, most preterm infants catch up to their peers during the first or second year of life. Other factors that influence a newborns development include genetics, environment and the caregivers levels of interaction. E2/C1- Describe how indoor and outdoor environments can be made safe, reassuring and stimulating Indoor and outdoor environments can be made safe by making sure children are looked after and cared for properly and never left alone, so there must be correct ratios in the setting, ratios are stated under Ofsted and the EYFS to make sure the children have the right amount of care attention they need. If theres not correct ratios the children can be put at risk, and this may cause accidents. By following all the correct policies and procedures and checking all eqiupment is safe for the child to use. Risk assessments must be done before the children can go into the environment and the environment must be adapted for all childrens individual needs so they are able to learn and achieve. From providing the correct equipment this will help develop the childrens individual skills. By having a safe and secure environment children will feel comfortable and safe which is important. The indoor environment should feel homely so the children will feel settled and comfortable in the environment. It is important to let children to give their input in the indoor areas, such as allowing them to do a display. The indoor area must have space and room for the children can move around safely, the cupboards,draws and tables must all be at the childrens level and not high up as this could cause an accident as something could fall down from above and hit the child. Radiator guards must be in setting to protect the children. Ensuring children have new experiences helps them develop in many ways, new experiences allows babies too use their imagination and copy what they see or experience in another situation. New experiences stimulate babies into wanting to learn and do more that challenges them to see what happens. The outdoor environment must provide children to have freedom and able to run around and have independance. The outdoor environment must suit all ranges of weather so the children can go outside in all weathers. All equiptment must be suitable and age appropriate, before children can go outside risk assessments must be done, if there is any unnessesary objects outdoors such as glass, litter or waste can be removed so it is safe for the children to play. The outdoor area should provide challenge as a risk is a challenge what a child can see, and are able to undertake it or not. Free flow must be introduced so children can move freely from outdoors to indoors easily. Learning activities must be provided outdoors also. Daily outdoor play is an important part of children’s learning and is required by the EYFS. It offers many new learning experiences, and boosts mental and physical wellbeing and confidence. Free-flow play adds further benefits, giving children more space and freedom to explore the world around them, letting them make decisions and assess risks while reducing the feeling of being rushed from one activity to the other. Children all have different learning styles and needs; some prefer to play and learn outside, and should be offered this opportunity wherever possible. Some may not have outdoor space at home, in which case it’s even more important. http://www. teachnursery. com/nursery-management/view/qa-free-flow-play It is important that practitoners know if children have any allergies, as children under 12 months cannot talk or communicate very well so practitioners must ask parent/carers this informaation. Having allergies on recored or on view in the setting will help anyone unfamililar coming into the setting. If practitioners do not know this information then the child/baby will be at risk. There are different things that helps reassure babies in settings which could be stability and consistancy, familar staff and practitioners, good positive relationships and things which comfort the child such as a blankets and dummies. E3- Describe the expected stage of development of babies at the chosen age and how they may be expected to develop in the next two, three months of their lives At six months babies will develop gross motor skills. When a baby is lying on their back they can roll over onto their stomach. If lyin on their stomach the child will be able to llift their head and chest, supporting themselves on their arms and hands. Babies at this age can use their shoulders to pull themselves into a sittingn position. At 6 months a baby can almost handle all their own weight. They are able to move their arms purposefully and hold them up, indicating a wish to be lifted. Babies at six months are able to kick vigersously with their legs altertaning, the baby can also lift their legs into a vertical position and grasp one or both feet with their hands. Babies at this age also have social skills as they can sime and babble when given attention and enjoy social play. Also babies will be able to mimic facial expressions and repete them. In the next couple months of the babies live their emotional skills will develop more and will be able to express pleasure and displeasure also will be able to distinguish emotions by a tone of voice. Their language will also improve as the child will be able to reconigise th ecare givers voice, and is able to respond to their name also aswell as being able to respond to other words such as mummy bye bye. Babies will be able to thurn their head in direction when spoken to. In the next few months the baby will explore more with their hands and mouth as is able to find partially hidden objects. A baby at this age will also spend longer studying and taking more interest in toys. E4- Explain how TWO different play activities/experiences can support the overall development of the baby described in E3 Treasure baskets is a good way to get babies to explore different objects and toys. From the basket having toys which are sensory this will encourage the child to use all senses. Such as having musical things in the basket which will encourage to child to listen, having toys which are colourful, and other objects in the basket which are different shapes, sizes, different textures such as a fluffy, hard, soft etc. Introducing new things will support overall experiences and have a variety of objects in basket will give the child a range of new things they can play will and learn from, having mirrors and shinny bits on the basket will attract the baby’s attention, it can help the development of fine motor skills. The child will discover that not all things are the same. This will encourage hand and eye coordination and is allowing the baby to explore and use their own imaginaton. From using treasure baskets babies will be curious and will discover that some objects feel different, look different and may be harder to hold than others, they will be curious and may try banging the toys either on the floor, the basket on against another toy. Messy play. This stimulates the senses and babies are able to use their imagination. The experience gained during messy play helps children experience a variety of textures. During messy play, babies are developing eye hand coordination and fine motor skills and is a learning experience for the child. Children can do body paint and use their bodies to do a picture or objects can be introduced such as a sponge so the child can use different materials throught the activity. This will encourage the child to see different colours and use a variety of materials. E5- Describe the role of the practitioner in meeting the particualr needs of babies in the chosen type of setting (group care or home based care) In group based care such as pre-school, Private day nursery or schools the practitioner had an inportant role. This is to ensure that all individual needs of children are met. This is so the children will develop and grow. Communication with parents/carers is important as it gives the practitoner a chance to understand what the childs rountine is at home and make sure it is as stress free and possible, as using as much as the childs routine at home as possible. This routine may include feeding and sleeping. The practitioner must be aware of the childs routine as the child will be used to certain times they have a nap and sleep, what time they have meals etc so it is important that the pracftitioner must let the child sleep and eat at what times they are used to. Routines are important for babies as it helps them know what they are doing, without routines babies can be unsettled and not sleep well. Ensuring good relationships with both parents and baby will make sure information is passed between the parents and the practitioners so that both are aware of anything that could affect the care of the child. The practitioner needs to ensure that they have an honest and professional relationship with children and parents as this is vital. Practitioners and settings also must ensure that they have stimulating activities for babies to get involved in, such as an activity which will help develop the babies senses, their sight, touch, taste, and hearing, this will help babies develop and meet important milestones. Planning is very important in settings and practitooners must be able to adapt planning when needed or if needed to suuit individual needs, babies need stimulation to keep them engaged and to ensure they develop and make progress to ensure they meet milestones in the future. The environment in the setting must be open to adaptation, indoors and outdoors. Baies must have opportunities to help their development and growth. When babies start to crawl, walk they need to have a safe environment. The safety and welfare of the children should still be the main priority of the practitioner, making sure toys are age and stage ppropriate and planning to meet the needs of all the children in the practitioners care. E6- Show how the child proctection policies and procedures in the setting protect and safeguard the babies Health and safety- This ensures all equipement and resources are safe to use and clean, sterrile for babies to use. Risk assessments must be made so all environments are safe for all children. Confidentiality This reassures parents/carers as it ensures that all the childrens information is secure and kept away, so only people who need to access it can do. Confidentiality means that all the childrens personal information must be kept in a locked cupboard or in a computter with a password to protect all the details and information. Practitioners within the setting should have up to date training to ensure they are fully aware of confidentiality and be aware if any policies and procedures have changed. Child protection policies and procedures in the settings are there to protect all children and babies. Babies cannot protect themselves so policies and procedures are to ensure children do not come to any unnessearyy harm and are cared for correctly. All babies and children must be protected from any discrimination such as gender, disability,race etc. Children must be safe and protected so practiononers must reconise abuse if they see any signs which are neglect, physical, sexual and emotional. Practitoners must know what to do if they see any of theses signs to protect the child. Child protection policies will cover all staff and those working in at setting have CRB checks, and trainign they need. Safe guarding procedures involve making sure all children are picked up from the setting by carers and not sent home with anyone without the parent/carers permission. Sharing information and team work is important when it comes to protecting babies as communication is key. If a parent tells a practitoner that another person is coming to pick their child up this must be passed on so the staff/practioners are aware of this. From working in a team this can help protect children, different professionals have different exeperiences and knowledge with children, so working together is important. It ensures a childs welfare through having knowledge from all different areas. An example is practitioners will know the childs day to day behaviour is, and will know the child well, as a GP will not know the child that well but will know medical knowledge which the practitoner wouldnt know, therefore for the childs welfare it is important for all professionals to work together. E7/D1- Explaing the importance of well planned care rountines and the key worker system Care rountines are very important for babies as by meeting babies needs carers are encouraging self-eteem and the sense of feeling valued. Care rountines are benficial as they involve identifying the needs of children so they can meet them. This can be done by observation, oberving children in groups and alsone to see how they behave. When needs of babies have been identified then you are able to move forward, planning can be done to meet these needs. If childrens needs are not met this will affect the child as the child will not be able to develop, learn and meet important milestones as they should. Care routines give babies stabiltity as having a good care routine reassures the child and gives them constiancy. By having practioners around will make the children feel more secure and safe, as the practitioner adn child will develop a relatioship and bond. This will help the baby feel settled and comfortable with a bond and may not feel safe without this bond and the babies may feel unsettled, disstressed and unhappy so a good relationship will encourage the child to develop trust and overall all will be happier and learn to develop better. Relatioships with practitoners and parents is also important as the parent knows the child best. Meal times is apart of a care routine, and the practioners must ensure children are getting the nurtition they need, and help to encourage the child to eat. Aswell as giving babies food and drink, meal times can be very enjoyable and stimualte the social and emotional development as children are able to communicate with each other during meal time and interact which is good for the babies social skills. Care routines are important for babies safety as policies will identify procedures which will ensure the children are safe and exaple is safety gates, gates must be kept shut at all times so the children cannot get out. Good hygiene is also beneficial to a good care routine as this will prevent babies and practitioners from becoming ill and prevents the spread of infection. Hygiene is a big part of a care routine for babies so practitoners must was hands after using the toilet, deadling with bodily fluids, before preparing foods and bottles. From having similar care routines at home and in settings is important as this will give children security and will understand whats happening around them and be more comfortable and confident. In every early years setting children have a key worker. Key Workers are resbonsible for their child and form good realtionships. Key worker will observe their child regualy and keep a record of how the child is developing. Planning is the key workers job and must plan to what the childs needs are. Key workers are close to their group of children and respoonsible for them, therefore will know their child more than other practitioners in the setting so key workers role is also to communicate with other professionals. The key person plays an essential role in supporting the emotional well-being of the children in their care. In doing so they take responsibility for those aspects of the child’s day which have the greatest impact on their well-being. These include personal care routines – nappy changing, toileting, rest times and meal times.

Gentrification In New Chinese Urbanism Cultural Studies Essay

Gentrification In New Chinese Urbanism Cultural Studies Essay While the economic system in China reformed from centrally planned economy to market orientated economy, the Chinese urbanization also shifted from industrial urbanism to post-industrial urbanism, especially in large cities. And the emergence of gentrification as a new social phenomenon at the moment has indicated the trend in the next round of urban development. Beijing 798 Art Zone is a typical example reflecting the general scene of such change. Through sixty years time, its identity has transformed from an old industrial site to an active art district, and is now facing the reality to be further developed into a commercial zone gentrified by rich middle-class. There is no single element capable of explaining the entire and sophisticated picture of such process. The changing political economy and social conditions both contribute to the transformation of space over time. However, among all, culture and capital are always the most important driven factors in the gentrification process. Part 01: A Brief History of Beijing 798 Art Zone Part 02: A Comparison Study of SoHo, New York Part 03: Gentrification in Beijing 798 Art Zone Part 04: Conclusion Part 01: A Brief History of Beijing 798 Art Zone Exterior view, Beijing 798 Art Zone, 2008 Interior view, Beijing 798 Art Zone, 2008 The site of 798 Art Zone was originally one part of Beijing North China Wireless Joint Equipment Factory. It was also called 718 Joint Factory, taking a total land area up to 600,000 sqm in northwest Beijing. In 1950s the early time of the cold war, the newly formed Peoples Republic of China was eager to achieve the goal of national industrialization in order to establish its own economic system. The construction of large-scale factories at the time was to follow the first five year plan (1953-1957), aiming to transform China from a long-history agricultural country to an advanced industrial country based on the Soviet model of developing heavy industries. 718 Joint Factory was initially designed by the East German experts from an architectural institution in Dessau in 1952. Influenced by Bauhaus style, the design was aimed to meet the practical demands, bring the technical and aesthetic property of new material and new structure into effect, as well as retain simplicity and flexibility. The factory was then constructed from 1954 and put into production in 1957. Through the entire 50s, the 718 Joint Factory was regarded as the symbol of national industrialization in the Chinese capital city. In the following twenty years, China had suffered huge social and economic revolutions. Industrialization process was paused severely and even stopped for a period of time. From the failure of The Great Leap Forward in 1958 to the Reform and Opening up policy in 1979, China had shifted from centrally planned economy to market oriented economy, which resulted the fundamental changes of organization for many leftover factories from the 50s. In 1964, the supervisor units canceled the organizational system of 718. 706,707,718,797,798 and 751 started to operate separately as independent factories. Shortly afterwards in 1970s, the once state-owned factory was converted to non-state-owned factory. However the change of organizational system didnt actually bring the expected spring. Till the 1990s, most workers in the factories were so poor that they could no longer make a living here. The final bankruptcy of the factories turned this huge area into an abandoned land at the edge of Beijing city. In December 2000, the former six factories of 700, 706, 707, 718, 797, and 798 were reorganized and incorporated into Beijing Seven-star Science and Technology Co., LTD. The Seven Group rented out the empty plants on a short-term basis. Attracted by convenient traffic, extremely cheap price, unique style of Bauhaus architecture which was featured with high ceiling, massive open floor plan and big windows, many art organizations and individual artists came to rent the vacant factories and transformed them into their work and living space since 2001. Gradually, 798 became a district full of galleries, art studios and cultural companies. The name 798 Art Zone came into being. However just when 798 Art Zone was developing prosperously, the artists were facing evictions due to the pressure from both the government and the real estate developers. The government was proposing re-development project in 798 Art Zone and the surrounding areas for Zhong Guan Cun Science and Technology Electronic Park. And the real estate developers were investing more and more high-end residential projects around 798 areas for the rich middle-class, which had resulted an intensively besieging situation towards the art district. Also the rising reputation of 798 Art Zone had attracted large tourists visit the site everyday. Art atmosphere was overwhelmed by commercial activities in the area. The rise of land price caused the displacement of artists. Many people are predicting that eventually 798 Art Zone will be transformed into a commercial zone similar to the SoHo neighborhood in New York. One day only the luxury brand can afford the space and no artists will be able to stay. The pure art in the so-called art zone will be dead soon. Part 02: A Comparison Study of SoHo, New York The development process of SoHo in New York is the typical US example of urban landscape shaped by gentrification. SoHo is located by the southwest side of Manhattan and has been an industrial zone especially for textile firms since late nineteenth century. After the World War II, the modification in structure of advanced capitalist cities in the US with the shift from industrial to service-based economy had caused the decline of manufactories in the centre of the city. Many factories in SoHo started to move out, leaving large quantities of cast-iron-style buildings known as Loft in the district. While some of them were transformed to warehouses and printing plants, others were unoccupied or torn down to be replaced by gas stations, auto repair shops and parking lots and garages. By the 1950s, the area got the nickname called Hells Hundred Acres, an industrial wasteland full of sweatshops and small factories in the daytime, but empty like a ghost town at night. In the mid-1960s, many artists got interested in the area because of the industrial characters of the buildings: high ceiling, generous s pace and big windows providing natural light. And after all, the most important fact was the low rental price, which meant that the artists could actually occupy the whole floor or even the whole building. Many of these lofts were then redesigned and converted into dual functional studios combining living and working together. However at the time, it was actually not permitted to live in the loft by law. In a way, these artists were squatted illegally. At the time, living in a loft was not appreciated by middle-class. As Sharon Zukin wrote in his book Loft Living, it was considered neither chic nor comfortable if the possibility was considered at all. Making home in a factory district clearly contradicted the dominant middle-class ideas of home and factory, as well as the separate environments of family and work on which these ideas were based  [1]  . It was only the choiceless option of poor artists. In 1971, the amendment of Zoning Resolution had given permission for the artists to live where they worked. The area also received landmark designation as the SoHo-Cast Iron Historic District in 1973, which had preserved the original architecture and avoided the area to be redeveloped. The change of policy and rising reputation of SoHo had attracted more and more artists to work and live here. Soon, SoHo became vibrant again as the center of art and design in New York City. The desirable cultural atmosphere created by art events, and the fluid loft space gradually formed a new lifestyle. People began to find the notion of living in a loft attractive  [2]  . An increasing number of middle-class people moved into certain cultural patterns, particularly an active appreciation of the arts and historic preservation, which had previously been upper-class domains. Their growing identification with fine arts production and fine old buildings let them first to try to protect space for artists and historic preservation and then to appropriate this space which was often in loft buildings for themselves. In this process, art and historic preservation took on a broader meaning. They became both more commercial and less elitist.  [3]   The altered view of loft living reflects the new life attitude among middle-class people between late 1970s to1980s. Most new middle-classes at the time were born after the wartime. In a trend toward a new lifestyle with fewer children, postponed marriages and a fast-rising divorce rate, they were eager to free themselves from the traditional idea of family. Unlike their parents, their desire and dreams were defined in urban rather then suburban terms.  [4]  Theyd prefer to stay in the city to enjoy life or pursuit their careers rather than live in countryside for a peaceful (boring) life. Also, according to Raphael Samuel, the new middle-classes are outward looking rather than inward looking. They have opened up their homes to visitors, and exposed them to the public gaze.  [5]  Also they have a different emotional economy from that of their pre-war predecessors. They go in for instant rather than deferred gratification, making a positive virtue of their expenditure, and tre ating the self-indulgent as an ostentatious display of good taste.  [6]   The character of SoHo did fulfill their new desires the unusual way of living in a loft; the freedom and passion of life from an artist neighbor; home as a place taking the rich history from the past in architecture termsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦The wonderful cultural atmosphere full of art and adventure is no doubt one of the main reason that attracts the middle-class to gentrify SoHo. In this stage, culture showed its great importance to push gentrification process. The move-in of middle-classes is the concrete evidence. And very soon the fine art production started to absorb investment of commercial capitals. Sharon Zukin regarded this type of urban renaissance model as the Artistic Mode of Production The role of capital investment will then take over the cultural effect and push forward to the next stage of gentrification. And of course the intervention of investment capitals is not just the result of the cultural attractions. It also sat in the broader social economic modification happening in the country. First is the major suburbanization process across the US caused most middle-classes moved to live in the countryside while left the city unoccupied. The declined city with loads of abandoned spaces was then taken over by lower classes and homeless people. Such capital devalorization produced the rent gap, which referred to the disparity between the potential ground rent level and the actual ground rent capitalized under the present land use  [7]  . Potentially it provided great opportunities for developers to invest new projects and earn high profit. It had encouraged gentrification and urban renaissance in the US cities. Secondly, in order to alter the situation of declined city, the US government had proposed a series of urban renewal plans including the clearance of slums and encouraging real estate development. Many areas especially around central business districts (CBD) are been redeveloped into high-end apartments, commercial offices and cultural facilities, which had enlarged the CBD and improved the urban conditions of living. Thirdly, according to the law of market economy, production is always driven by consumption. Therefore, the investment of SoHo was driven by the fact that middle-classes had the strong will to purchase. Beside the cultural attraction, other points cannot be ignored neither such as, location advantage. The globalization process and the transformation of US cities from industrial to post-industrial economy had increased working opportunities in serviced-based industry. The white-collar middle-class is the product of such economic situation. The globalization made big cities become the networked pinpoints and the command center of global economic operation. Under such extreme competitive situation, time and distance meant money and efficiency. Many white-collar employees moved to live in the declined areas close to their offices in the central business district. For this reason, SoHo was a good choice. The development of luxury housing had also caused the boom of shop and catering businesses as well as tourism in SoHo. The increasing commercial atmosphere had pushed the land price dramatically. The gentrification process had forced many pioneering artists to move out due to the unaffordable price of housing. Most previous lofts are now trendy shops, pricy restaurants or expansive apartments. The Art SoHo neighborhood is steadily eroded from the street pattern by commercial landscapes. That is the development model of SoHo. Part 03: Gentrification in Beijing 798 Art Zone The gentrification phenomenon in China is rooted in the complex nesting of social, political, economic and cultural shifts. It is the result of multiple forces behind the surface. And again, culture and capital play the more significant role in the game. Culture in the 798 case can be divided into two parts. One is the existing cultural value the historical Bauhaus architecture, and the other is the cultivated cultural value gradually formed by the artists. However the cultivated culture had experienced a devaluation process through the commercialization of art products. And in the end turned culture value to commercial value. In 798 site, history and reality, industry and the arts perfectly meet. The cultural value went to its peak in the first a few years after the settle of artists. Art galleries, artist studios, salons and museums transformed this abandoned industrial site to a dreamland of art and design. The name 798 Art Zone came into being. Since this name was getting more and more famous, the actually art production and fine old industrial buildings had absorbed investment of commercial capitals. Shops and restaurants started to occupy the plots, and soon countless tourists rushed in from all over the world. 798 became one of the must-go spots in Beijings cultural tourism. The consequence is big galleries and commercial institutes remained but pioneering artists moved out due to rental price. Some third-rate artists moved in selling cheap works. You can still see paintings and sculptures everywhere in 798, however they have nothing to do with art but money. The strong smell of commercialized products had replaced the pure taste of art. It seems more like a 798 Commercial Zone instead of 798 Art Zone. This is the first round of absorbing capitals from its original cultural value, which happened within the art zone itself. The second round is occurring in the adjacent areas around 798 with capital investment both from the government and the developers. 798 Art Zone is located in the area called Wang Jing in northeast edge of Beijing in Zone 4. One major difference between Chinese and American urbanism is that, while in America, the development is going backwards to the city site from suburban; the Chinese model is to enlarge the city territory by expanding to suburban areas due to the saturation of land sources and the over-development of the city center. In planning outline of Beijing, Wang Jing, where 798 Art Zone laid is marked for the new CBD (Central Business District) and high-tech companies especially communication and Internet industries. The government had proposed to build Zhong Guan Cun Science and Technology Electronic Park in 798 and its surrounding areas in 2002. Originally, all tenants in 798 factories should be evacuated by the end of 2005 in order to start construction. Through a long fight between the government and the artists, 798 Art Zone had been temporarily reserved, however still faced the risk of been demolished at some point in the future. In the Chinese case, the national capital takes the fundamental effect in the process of urbanization. Different from the US system, in China, all land sources belong to the government. While the government only takes a guiding role in the US, the Chinese government actually takes direct actions by investing with national capitals to modify urban patterns. On the other hand, the city planning strategy and investment of national capital also caused further investment from private developers. Because of the urban set up of CBD and high-tech zone in the area, there are a lot of white-collar middle-classes living here, which makes Wang Jing as one of the main residential districts in Beijing. And this provides great opportunities for real estate developers. Another significant factor to draw the capital from developers is the consumption concept of these white-collar middle-classes in China. In general, they share very similar character and taste with the new middle-class of the US in 1970s/1980s. The Chinese middle-class is formulating their new lifestyle. They choose to live close to work in order to achieve the best efficiency. They appreciate the value of culture. It is the new fashion to live in a cultural district to express their special taste. The only difference compared with the US situation is that they prefer to live in suburban area with a reasonable distance away from the city center in order to gain more living space in an affordable price. Clearly, these consumption views have pushed the production of large residential projects by the developer in this area, where perfectly match the new Chinese middle-class preferred location and cultural requirements. Overall, the input of both national and private capitals and the move-in of rich middle-classes in 798 surrounding areas had formed a besieging situation towards the art zone itself. And together with the inner commercialization process that happened in 798 Art Zone, the rental price of the studio space became extremely high. The artist community as the original cultural generator is forced to leave. That is the unique gentrification process of the 798 case controlled by culture and capital in the Chinese urban context. Part 04: Conclusion The sixty years development of the 798 site reflects the Chinese social economic changes. The transformation of actual space represents the shifting urbanization patterns in Chinese cities. Artists, government, city planners, developers and the middle-class all play significant roles in the gentrification process controlled by culture and capital factors. Similar to the SoHo model in the US, the 798 site has experienced developing stages from an iconic industrial district to an abandoned declined area, and to a vibrant art district, then finally to a commercial zone. While cultural value works as the initial activator and intermediate transforming force, national and private capitals in this Chinese case are the termination factors leading the urban gentrification process of the 798 Art Zone. Eventually, the commercial value takes over the original cultural value. The art zone becomes the past.

Tom Clancys Op Center :: essays research papers

Tom Clancy’s Op-Center Divide and Conquer The nation is about to be in another Middle East war, but they don’t know it yet, even the president doesn’t know it. Will Paul Hood inform the president with the correct information in time? Will war break out in Azerbaijan? In this political thriller you really don’t know what is going on right up until the end.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Paul Hood is the main character; he is the head of Op-Center, the United States division that deals with information sharing with Allis countries to stop terrorism. He is going through a divorce, and his daughter was just held hostage in an U.S. embassy (I think this happened in the book before the one I read). He had resigned from Op-Center because of all the things happening in his life, but he went back because he couldn’t live without it. Paul Hood would be classified as a workaholic.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Chief of Staff (Red Gable), the Vice President (Charles Cotten) and Secretary of the State (Jack Fenewick), are all in on the conspiracy to start a war in order to secure the U.S. oil supply for the next millennium. The conspiracy will also put Charles Cotten into the presidency, with Michael Lawerence (current president) being forced out of office.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The conspiracy that the â€Å"Eye’s Only Group† (Gable, Cotten and Fenewick) has planned is that of terrorism and treason. The plan is the terrorist known as the Harpooner will blow up an oilrig in Azerbaijan, making them think that the Iranians it. The Iranians will claim they didn’t, but everybody will think they are lying, because the dead bodies found will be that of Iranians, and they will be wearing the uniform of the elite Iranian military force. Tensions will grow, war will break out. The whole time the president will be fed mis-information that he will talk internationally with this mis-information, then have to eat his words, when everybody says â€Å"What!? We didn’t know that†. The public will think the president has lost his sanity, and he will be forced to resign.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Paul Hood has to dig deep to find the connection between the â€Å"Eye’s Only Group† and Azerbaijan, and get the information to the president before he decides to go to war.

Persevering Literature Essay -- essays research papers

The novel Sense and Sensibility was truly a masterpiece. Written by Jane Austen this ironic love story has captured the heart of readers for years. The popularity of Austen as a novelist can now be experienced through film. This book has been adapted into various screenplays, including one by Emma Thompson. Another version of the film was done by the BBC. Perhaps it is the manner in which it was filmed, the character choices or other aspects of the films that make them so different. Though they are based upon the same novel it is to be sure that the Emma Thompson version will preserve Austen’s talent in the world of film. The Emma Thompson version can be well spoken of in that its greatest strength is its ability to preserve and communicate the subtleties of women's life two centuries ago, of human feelings, of passion and reserve, and of wit and irony which are so essential in Austen's books. The movie is, therefore, a rather profound piece of work, which shows a great deal of devotion to it on the part of those involved in its making. Every detail (scenery, costumes, period "accessories", etc.) is carefully considered and is an integral part of the whole, so one watching it really has the feeling of being carried back to the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries. Though the earlier version done by the BBC is much longer and truer to the novel it is with great pains. The acting is rather stiff as is the di...

Greek and Christian Models of the Truth Essay -- Philosophy Religion E

Greek and Christian Models of the Truth In his Philosophical Fragments, SÃ ¸ren Kierkegaard, writing under the pseudonym of Johannes Climacus, poses the question, "How far does the Truth admit of being learned?" (154). A more direct and succinct formulation of Climacus' question is "How is the Truth learned?" since his question does not concern the extent of human knowledge, which "How far" implies, but the possible modes through which one comes, or may come, to know the Truth. For Climacus, there are two possible modes of knowing, or two theories of how one comes to know the Truth: the Greek and the Christian. Both of these modes lead one not to truths, but to "the Truth"; Climacus' concern is not with those modes of knowing that yield particular truths about the world and humans, as in science, but with those modes that yield ultimate Truth, that highest and purest dream of philosophy. The central purpose of this deliberation on the two modes of knowing the Truth, according to Niels Thulstrup, is to point out "the deep essential difference between Platonism and Christianity because of the fact of the incarnation" (lxxxvii). Climacus wants to demonstrate that the Greek, Platonic, or Socratic mode of knowing the Truth contradicts the Christian mode of knowing the truth. Many theologians and philosophers hold that Climacus succeeds in his demonstration and therefore extol the genius of Kierkegaard. My reading of Climacus' "Project of Thought" is also that he succeeds, but that his success is a fundamental failure. For even though Climacus indicates an essential difference between the Greek mode of knowing the Truth and the Christian, he does not fully recognize that his whole thought-project is itself Greek, and that it puts a q... ... method does more, however, than simply put a question to Christianity which it does not and cannot answer: By generating an answer from a misreading of Christian revelation, Climacus distorts the nature of Christianity and Christian revelation. Works Cited Ellul, Jacques. The Subversion of Christianity. Trans. Geoffrey W. Bromiley. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1986. Kierkegaard, Soren. Philosophical Fragments. A Kierkegaard Anthology. Ed. Robert Bretall. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1946. 153-171. Nielsen, H.A. Where the Passion Is: A Reading of Kierkegaard's Philosophical Fragements. Tallahassee: University Presses of Florida, 1983. Thulstrup, Niels. "Commentator's Introduction." Philosophical Fragments. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1962. xlv-xcii. Tillich, Paul. A History of Christian Thought. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1968.

Reasons of K Pop Popularity Among Filipino Teenager Essay

The Korean popular music, or the Korean pop or simply k pop is a musical genre consisting of electronic hip hop, pop rock, and R&B music originating in South Korea. Huyhn (2011) defined k pop as for Korean pop music that covers a wide variety of contemporary music including pop, hip hop, and R&B, dance-pop. Bubblegum pop, house, electro pop, and techno. Due to the big wave of success, k pop became so popular not only in South Korea but also to other parts of the world especially here in the Philippines. Numerous k pop groups like shinee, 4 minute, ft islands, super junior, ukiss, best, kim hyun joong and rain visited the Philippines to perform. In addition, more than two thousand k pop fans gathered for the first ever Philippine k pop convention held in the Philippine international convention center last December 10, 2009 (Alanzalon, 2011). As the idols or the Korean artist has their own groups, fans also their own groups, that the fans make group for talking about their idols, share some information about this artist etc. meaning this groups only showing their love for their idols. Filipinos most teenagers do like Koreans not only with their popular music’s and artist but also the culture. As Neigoff (1994), studied that Koreans are actually and varcially homogeneous people. They have a common language and like the Chinese and the Japanese there are mongoloid descent. Koreans are known as using chopsticks for solid foods rather than spoon and pork. As here in the Philippines the main dish I or the favorite dish is adobo, in Korean their most popular dish is kimchi that is consider as diet typical dishes. Korean is not closely related I any other modern language, spoken Korean is soft and lifting (Neigoff, 1994). Truly that most Filipino teenage have their in cell Phone, mp3, pc, the songs of Korean. It doesn’t matter to them if their pronunciation of the song is not correct, as long as they know the tune of it. Most Filipinos sang the Korean songs without even know what is the meaning of it. Culture Invasion Villoja & Lucceanne (2011) says in a periodical that Korean started entering the music industry more than $ 400,000 just to train and launched a new artist, and to guarantee the probability of their success. From solo act of taeyang of wedding dress song and boy bands such as super junior and beast, and girl groups as wonder girls that hit the # 1 spot in US billboard hot 100 chart with the single album of â€Å"nobody†, each of them was brought nice songs and dance moves that truly love most Filipinos. Korean brought and keeps (Villoja & Lucceanne, 2011) on bringing not only music but also entertainment at its best doing not just singing but also must to learn dance moves. Popularity of Korea takes by the k pop music and k pop artist, why do Filipinos loves Korean music in spite of the language barrier? Korean influence Filipinos from hip hop and R&B. As Poole (2012) says in magazine k pop is going to be k hop. Now k hop is getting in on the act like big bang and 2ne1 and others. You can find fans doing dance cover for their favorite k pop stars all around you tube k pop stars hit songs usually have dance moves that are intriguing yet simple inviting viewers to dance along (Zestya, 2011). In Korean music, there are at least few steps that are so catchy that makes fans do move and dance it. Another thing why k pop music is so popular in Philippines is because of the theme song of what in Filipino called â€Å"koreanovelas†. ABS-CBN and GMA, and other networks, tagalized the movies or teleserye from Korean language to tagalong, is the reason why do Filipinos love it. The music of the koreanovelas or what we called OST is also tagalized, like for example, â€Å"pagibig na kaya† from princess hours, â€Å"I believe† from sassy girl and â€Å"I think I love you† from the teleserye full house. Nowadays, k pop just keeps on hitting the local charts, although tagalized version are not that anymore (Villoja & lucceanne, 2011). Most Filipino teens’ especially girls do like Korean because of the artist, artist of music, and artist in koreanovelas. Name people that don’t love has various talents? No one. â€Å"A lot of k pop Idol stars are known as singer an dancer (Zestya, 2011) but also as actress or actor. asa example is Kim hyun joong, first known as a member group F4 in boys over flowers, and also can dance and sing as a member of SS501 but now a solo dancer and singer artist in Korea. Ridiculously Gorgeous Physique I know, we’re talking about music. Why does the physique of the singer should matter? But let’s face it, for every Susan Boyle and Paul Potts around, there are more Justin Bieber and Britney Spears type of successful musician out there. The same case applies in K-Pop music. Most K-Pop Idol Groups that are well known all around the world consists of handsome boys and pretty girls. Whatever image they’re portraying, whether it’s cute and sweet or cool and fierce, they seem like they just jumped out of the newest manga series. They look good in black, blonde, brown, and even blue, silver, and even pink hair. In a time where music videos travel around the world in a second, appearance does matter. Especially when you’re in a group that consists of 7, 9, or even 13 members and your singing part isn’t that much to begin with. Never mind the fact that some of these idols went under the knife to improve their appearance. Hollywood stars are doing it, so why can’t they? (Zestya, 2011). K pop artist are popular In the Philippines of course because of fans. The idolization of Filipino fans to their idol Korean star are exceptionally dedicated. Most Filipino fans are local to their idols, they do like a stalker just to see them, to touch and to say hello to them, only one reply like â€Å"hi† is enough for them that why fans are exceptionally love their Idols. Popular boy band groups Lets start with super junior, the group is a thirteen member, but this active members are down to nine, the two of them were took in a mandatory military service, the other was took another career. This Korean band was the top Korean group star, each of everyone of them has a good attitudes and one of them is Choi Siwon, that according to other member is almost perfect, he is manly has a great body, kind smart, rich and is devoted Christian, and also good in English skills. Their popular music in the Philippines are like a cute dance moves â€Å"sorry, sorry† a kilig factor song â€Å"no other† and their latest song the â€Å"superman†. U kiss is another Korean group that visited Philippines twice, first is by endorsing their album, that had been popular in MYX music charts the song â€Å"bigeul bigeul†. The group is composed of 7 members but two of them leave the group for the other career but a newly member way take place of it, ukiss stand for â€Å"ubiquitous Korean idol super star†. Ukiss is different to other male group because their near to the fans, no strict security, free hand shake, free picture taking and also makes fans entertain that can say they truly love their fans. Another group is Ze:a that last January visited Philippines for the debut of their album â€Å"watch out†. he group is also known as children of empire that like super junior they consist of 9 member. Aragona (2012) says in a periodical that , screaming girls of the tween and teen demographic? Check, pounding pop music with mostly indecipherable lyrics? Check, pretty boy with skin so clear that could be endorsers for top skin care branch? Check, said boys sporting hairstyles that defy the laws of Newton? Check. Popular girl groups and artist Wonder girls is the first Korean artist that hit the # 1 spot in US billboard hot chart that is so popular in Philippines, singing in â€Å"videoke†, dancing in everywhere no other song as â€Å"nobody†. The 2ne1 that makes popular in Philippines because of sandarac park (dara park) that is an artist here in Philippines before she began a member of 2ne1. The girls generation that usually may be the couple of super junior because of common number of members. The girls generation or â€Å"so nyu shi dae† (snsd) in Korea GG, became popular because they are all talented with a nice style of clothing and hair that hit the filipina teenagers. The explosion of Korean pop on local radio, television and the internet is the second wave of hanryu, the so-called â€Å"Korean wave† that started seven or eight years ago with the local TV. Since then Korean companies have been exporting Korean pop culture even more aggressively (and with more marketing savvy) to Asia and beyond: movies, TV programs, music videos, recordings and live concerts. We used to buy their cars and home appliances, now we also buy their entertainment. (Caruncho, 2010). In conclusion most Filipino teenagers do love k pop because of their nice culture that is truly hooked up the hearts of many Filipinos, not only with the teens but also their parents do love k pop. It is true that if you are k pop you’ve never stop as the teens’ did to their idol stars. (Alanzalon,2011), the study my become the basis of Koreans entertainment companies to recognize the Philippine as a strong potential as a market for their products. The k pop popularity in Philippines is said to be will never stop because majority of tees’ do love and appreciated it. As I summary therefore I conclude that k pop continue hooked the hearts of many Filipinos until the next generation.

Religious Tradition Depth Study †Christianity Essay

stigmaifi wide dealt state and Ideas1. The contribution to rescuerianity of angioten goof-converting enzyme probatory mortal OR school of cerebrationl, different(a) than de give outry boy, c atomic number 18worn from Martin LutherExplain the contribution to the instruction and case of deli realmanianity of wizard portentous psyche OR school of supposition, impudently(prenominal) than messiah, raddled from Martin Luther conviction tot whollyy, pardon alone and scripture aloneHe was natural in 1483 in Ger some(prenominal), a Ger adult male monk, priest and University professor in Theology. Led c encloseing for the reclamation in 1517 by nailing his 95 Theses to the introduction of the Wittenberg Cathedral. Luthers Theses ch anyenged perform corruption especi some(prenominal)y the school of thought of indulgences as good as the pr promptices relating to the chest of drawers of the pontiff. The invention of the printing coerce countenanceed citizenr y to come in his Theses on a total scatter basis. His contribution to deli precisemanianity direct to the develop handst of his have got denomination in doorsills deliverymanianity the shaping of the Lutheran perform in 1530. After bill of f be his 95 Theses, the pope ordered Luther the bull of Excommunication in 1520. However, he gained victuals from legion(predicate) an(prenominal) Germans. His posting of the Disputation questioned the post of the church and Pope by dint of academic discussion of the legitimacy of indulgences was damned as a heretic. He make the Ten commandments, the Apostles Creed, the Lords Prayer, baptism and the Last Supper completely easy to understand through and through his musical composition of the Large Catechism in 1529. It has earned a reputation as a re present(a)ative of make up religious teaching, as did his reading of the script to make it accessible to mundane Germans.His motives nonplus shaped the hi f adapted of sa viorianity, changed the observation of Christianity. With out the clarification from him and reforming of basic principles, corruption would mum riddle Christianity. The reformation changed Christianity by cause questioning, coefficient of demonstration and transposition whichresulted in a very much(prenominal) vibrant and someoneal trustfulness for Christians. It is his writings that show his contribution in a simplified manner.2. The effect of that man-to-man OR school of thought on ChristianityAnalyse the uphold of this person OR school of thought on ChristianityThe near provable and major(ip) effect of Luthers efforts to reform the church serve well was the split or re untestedal which occurred in westerly Christianity dividing it into Catholics and Protestants and resulting in centuries of religious intolerance, often accompanied by wars, violence and bloodshed. Division did not scarce occur amidst Protestants and Catholics but, as some other Protestant sects actual, dissension and dis wholeness occurred amongst them similarly.Luther spoke up when he saw a monetary value be in the church building. He didnt set out to contend the Christian flavor system, but he was bedevil-to doe with that lot were creation cheated by edacity, get the wrong judgment about graven types grace. He ca employ questioning, reflection and re modernistical which resulted in a more vibrant and personal assurance for Christians It was his spea mogul out that influenced the Council of Trent in 1545 to reform the representations of the Church. His thought that buyback may all be achieved through doctrine alone has remained an outstanding factor to the Christian faith today. organized religion alone toilette besides wad steering in charitable works, almsgiving, and obeying the religious doctrine teachings. He deald the Church was not involve for salvation, he questioned its relevance in the movement of salvation the alone thing that was unavoidable for flavour as a Christian. He studyd the church service was irrelevant as it determined a distance betwixt itself and the large number, in that location was minimal contact to the devotionpers, the gathering could not relate to the teachings of the Church.He believed in the wakeless teachings of Christ which is that salvation is an act of grace by immortal, and only acceptance and faith was commanded. Not only did Luther believe, but he supported his whim with natural perform. He filld the grace of immortal not save as a process, but as all that a Christian motifed. It was not something that could be bought or sold by the Church. He exhibited bravery and courage in disagreeing with the Papal authorities. He use hisgifts to yet his beliefs. He presented his beliefs through words and hymns and in his sermons and actions. He was active in thought as an evangelist for this faith. Luthers push on Christianity is well k todayn. Protestantism is withal k nowadaysn with its number 1s in the reclamation and owes its birth to Martin Luther. Lutheranism got its foundations from Luthers Babylonian Captivity r closureering all the ceremonys but baptism and eucharist, irrelevant.Luthers impact changed the way Christianity was divided. Instead of righteous the Western and east Churches, he formed Protestantism, which split the Western Church. His writing let his church tolerate the marriage of clergy, blurt outging of the congregation and the re manan nature of the Church.Martin Luther was born in 1483 in Wittenberg in Germany and he was a German monk, priest and University Professor in Theology. Martin Luther was a solid person who make a ample contribution to Christianity. Martin Luther take the Reformation in 1517 by nailing his 95 Theses (his attitudes or objections against the church) to the door of the Cathedral in Wittenberg, Germany. Luthers theses challenged church corruption contingently the doctrine of ind ulgences as well as the workouts relating to the authority of the Pope. The invention of the printing press allowed people to read his Theses thence his writings bed c all overing quickly around Saxony. His contribution to Christianity lead to the ontogeny of his birth denomination inside Christianity the formation of the Lutheran church in 1530.Martin Luther was a ren professed and well-known person in Christianity for his contribution to Christianity nailing his 95 Theses onto the door of a Cathedral in Wittenberg, Germany. He barge-emitting diode the Reformation in 1517 and influenced other reformers of the time. Martin Luther was a person who was not albumen-lipped to speak out against the church he was not afraid to challenge the authority of the church or the Pope. After his nailing of his 95 Theses and burning the Papal bill, the Pope excommunicated (expelled) him from the church. Martin Luther gained support from many Germans, mainly the German Princes and the m onied middle class. Martin Luther created a massive impacton the maturement of Christianity as his objections and contributions to Christianity led to the reformation on 1517 and excessively led to the formation of the Lutheran Church which was conventional in 1530.Today, in that location argon many Lutheran drawers universe of discoursewide imputable to the impact of his development of Christianity. In Australia, the legal age of Lutheran adherents plump in sec Australia where the German population of Australia stick out. The Lutheran church is part of the Protestant denomination in Christianity. in that respectfore through Martin Luthers contributions to the development of Christianity, he has all the way had a large impact as thither ar now around 300 trillion Protestant adherents worldwide who hobo thank their main founder Martin Luther for the man and spread of Protestant Churches worldwide.Martin Luther is one of the around illustrious/ key figures in the hi bill of Christianity and has had more books written about him than any other Christian except for the Nazarene. Martin Luther was one of the catalysts and instigators of the Reformation in Christianity. The Reformation changed Christianity by do questioning, reflection and re red-hotal which resulted in a more vibrant and personal faith for Protestants and Catholics alike. Whatever Luther learned he preaches and whatever he preached he printed thus he published many books on his beliefs and teachings. He as well translated the Latin Bible into German so that more Christians could read and interpret the Bible. Therefore through his contributions, he has had a unplumbed impact upon Christianity. Luther founded the Lutheran branch of Protestantism and established the Lutheran church of Germany in 1530. He also express mail the 7 sacraments to 2 Baptism and the ceremony. Luther also produced the 4 pillars of the Reformation in the Church Christ alone, Faith alone, Bible alone a nd forbearance alone. 11 years after his expiry, Charles V allowed the German Princes to choose whether their states should be Catholic or Lutheran.Ethics3. ONE of the interest beas of ethical teaching in Christianitybio ethics environsal ethicssexual ethics constitute and explain Christian ethical teachings on surroundal ethicsChristian biblical usage provides portentous guidance in the force field of milieual ethics however, until late times thither has been little through by the Christian Churches in the field of environmental ethics as it has not been a prominent concern for Christians overall. In ultramodern times, there have been many compressificant statements and other initiatives developed by Church leaders both within Australia and internationally, however, there is still an absence of widespread battle at the grass grow levels of Church communities. slice most Christian communities tacitly recognise the importance of environmental ethics, it is yet to b ecome a major focus of day to day deportment for most Christians and their local Church communities.Mainstream Christian thinking has, only in recent times, embraced environmental ethics as a prominent bring on acknowledging the relationship between gentlemans gentleman cosmos and the environment because both ar created by divinity. Both worldsity and nature reflect the jubilate of immortal and consume the go for of God. They also recognize that God commanded human universes to live in fruitful relationship with the orb and that humankind has a requirement of stewardship of the human beings e.g. Genesis 215 states, Then God as well ask the man and put him in the garden of enlightenment to till and keep it. In retrospect, Christians savour at the theological work/insights of historical figures/prophetic voices much(prenominal)(prenominal) as Francis of Assisi (patron paperl of animals and the environment), Hildegard of Bingen (German abbess, naturalist, philos opher and more) and Pierre Teillhard de Chardin (philosopher, Jesuit priest and paleontologist).In poorer parts of the world, there is considerable engagement of Christian communities on environmental issues. This is because for Christians in these parts of the world environmental humiliation is an issue which is affecting them in a very serious and tangible way through a lack of light(a) drinking pis evilg, ri infernal regiong sea levels, damage to crops etc. People in ampleer countries argon largely insulated against these challenges, although it is clear that this insulation is a temporary thing and that within decades moreaffluent countries leave be go about with similar environmental disasters.In the present climate of increased environmental sentience there remains a wide range of perspectives among the Churches. Liberal constituents of the Catholic, Orthodox and Protestant Churches are chiefly very alert of teaching on environmental ethics and are often active in reply to the issues raised. Conservative members of these same denominations are less likely to be industrious in environmental issues in a strong way. Some of the fundamentalist and evangelistic Churches have been reluctant to shopping mall noteworthy emphasis on environmental concerns as any form of transformative social action is seen as a low antecedence in comparison to evangelisation in the light of the anticipated return of saviour and the end of the world.RelationshipMainstream Christian thinking acknowledges that there is a special relationship between humankind and the environment because both humankind and rest of the created world are created by God. They acknowledge that both reflect the glory of God and convey the kitchen stove of God. They also recognise that God commanded human beings to live in fruitful relationship with the nation and that humankind has a requirement of stewardship of the earth. repugnThus, it is pellucid that there is vastness in the c ustom of Christian teaching on environmental ethics and a clear rhetoric calling for action in recent times. However, there remains a considerable challenge in fostering and action to engage epochal amount of local Christian communities in major environmental actions. This challenge is particularly evident in Western industrialised countries where Christian communities enjoy high standards of invigorationspan which count on authoritative and often oblivious use of the worlds resources.There are many of import theologians and activists who are working in the field of environmental ethics calling on the Churches to act urgently and more decisively in the field of ecology. They are critical of the Churchesfor their tardiness in taking serious steps in responding to environmental issues and fast(a)ly challenged the Christian tradition as a whole. Examples of these areSallie McFague from the frank-handed protestant traditionMcFague is a womens liberationist theologian that set s out to construct a new pietism of nature and of God She connects God with the human process rather than distances God from foundation equip which emphasized the need to develop a new simile for God which recognises that the world is the physical materialization of God not a infract product of God She states, in her fiction Life Abundant, that The glory of God is every creature adequatey alive and, thus, we live to give God glory by loving the world and everything in it.doubting doubting Thomas berry, Catholic theologian born in 1914 was a member of the Passionist Order of non-Christian priests Berry espoused a mystical uprise to ecology. He has argued that God made the world and consequently God is deeply related to it and if we lapse our wizard of the splendor of the natural world then we also lose our reason of the divine Berry suggested that human beings must see themselves in perspective i.e. only existing for about 60,000 years in a human race as much as 15,0 00,000,000 years old the population is to be seen as an ongoing zippo event rather than a choppy creation at a precise point in time. He stresses that human beings as creatures are not distract from the rest of creation who can be valued over and against the rest of creation. He says that we need to develop a new creation tier (myth) which takes into account our now more developed sense of sensory faculty of the human impact on the environment and the growing sense of profound unity with the environmentMatthew Fox was a Catholic theologian (now an Episcopalian) born 1940 He was a member of the Dominican Order of Priests earlier ultimately being expelled by his order after long running disputes with capital of Italy has now been accepted into the Episcopalian church Fox proposes a mystical approach to the environment known now as Creation Spireligious riteity. He proposes the fancy of skipper bles take advantageg i.e. an past notion that the cosmos has been continually ble ssing (bringing vivification to) human beings since their organic evolution.This idea stands in contrast to the idea of schoolmaster sin which Fox identifies as a very recent ideaSean McDonagh is a Catholic missionary Priest member of the Columban order of Priests worked extensively in the Philippines McDonagh focuses on the relationship between umpire and ecology approach is called eco- umpireMcDonagh identifies the type of greed and exploitation which is at the heart of impairment to be the same factors which are at the heart of environmental degradation. He identifies that epoch-making amounts of environmental degradation take bespeak through the exploitative action of the rich and the expends which are forced upon the poor, particularly in the need to meet debt repayments McDonagh has been a strong critic of the lack of involvement of the Church in environmental issues model chemical reactions come a pass through modern Christian godliness in environmental ethicsThere are a number of emerging Christian theologies about the environment. The theologies are attempts to understand the place of God in a modern society that utilises scientific reasoning to explain creation. The theologians attempt to smite the distance between human beings and the rest of creation and to involve all of a creation in an interconnected and interdependent dynamic. The theologies are a response to the increasing environmental problems and ecologic imbalance that exists. The theologies include mystical approaches, eco- womens rightist theology, creation apparitionality and eco-justice perspectives. The undivided(a) theologians who are living in the contemporary world are often critical of the Christian Church and its slowness in being proactive about the environmental crisis and for not utilisation strong, decisive leadership in environmental ethics. Describe modern Christian theologians responses to environmental concerns. A number of Christian theologians have resp onded to environmental concerns amongst them Thomas Berry and Sallie McFague.Thomas Berrys theology evolved from a mystical awareness of the cosmos as infinitely older than human beings who are relative newcomers in evolution. Whilst basing his beliefs about the evolution of the cosmos on modern scientific theory he supports humanityto go through themselves as part of an ongoing creation event that the creator God is profoundly involved in. He encourages bringing original knowledge of the environmental impact of human beings into a new creation story to heal and restore the planet. Sallie McFagues eco feminist theology looks at the ways in which patriarchy has dominated women, society and the earth itself and calls for a new more fit taking into custody of creation. She evinces a theology of tie utilising the Gaia and Chaos theory as ideas that explain the interconnectedness of all creation. She uses metaphors of the earth as the ashes of God and seeks to overcome the person ify soul dichotomy caused by the patriarchal dispositionset of Church fathers. adjudicate the contribution of emerging Christian theology to the environmental ethics. The contribution of emerging Christian theology to environmental ethics is laborious to measure as the Christian Church is diverse and different denominations have a variety of interpretations and understandings of revelation and scripture in relation to the environment. Just as in secular society there are privates and groups that recognise the urgency of applying ethics to the environment so it is within Christianity. For Christians working in countries where the environment is in crisis and is linked like a shot to the cycle of poverty of the people the issue of environmental ethics is beta. Sean McDonaghs eco justice theology is one that con take cares the materialism of developed countries and challenges Christians to become aware of the immediate and obvious link between exploitation of the environment and greed.Significant institutionalises in the life sentence history of adherents4. ONE operative intrust within Christianity pull fromBaptismMarriage ceremonySaturday/sunshine devotionBaptism is a sacramental irrigate observance which ask rounds and person into the Christian church club. echt to wash out-of-door with water analogical washing outside of sin, purification, rebirth, new spiritual life, cleansing of soulDescribe ONE significant consecrate within Christianity drawn from BaptismInitiation communionBaptism used in most Christian denominationsSignifies initiation into the beliefs and practices of the Christian corporation Has import as a statement of a persons beliefs in the Christian tradition demand element for salvation Baptism allows Christians to theatrical usance in the death and resurrection of Christ Cleanses people from their sins The salvation Army and The Society of Friends (Quakers) are examples of Christian groups which do not practice bap tism infant baptismFor the majority of Christians today Baptism carried out when they were infants habitual practice in the Anglican, Catholic and Orthodox branches of Christianity Parents and God parents make shipments on behalf of the squirt Agree to nurture the electric razor in the Christian faithIn other Christian groups such as the Baptist and pentecostal Churches the baptism of infants is not accepted Members would be evaluate to choose to be baptize as adults having made their own decision to abye and be born again duckingIdea of baptism stems from the sense of being immersed in water Symbolises being surrounded by and imbued with the beliefs and practices of the Christian community Ritual is unremarkably carried out in the Church often contained within or celebrated ad colligateing to the main form of Sunday worship Majority of baptisms celebrated in the Anglican and Catholic branches of Christianity involve the sprinkling or gushy of water on the address of the electric shaver In Orthodox Churches the child is immersed briefly in water on leash occasions Adults who are baptised in Churches such as Baptist and pentecostal Churches are often replete(p)y immersed in waterVarious aspectsVariety of aspects include in baptism a regulate different denominations issueelements are the baptism with water and the transaction of faith Anglican Sacrament of BaptismBaptism in the Anglican Church may incorporate the ceremony of Confirmation and/or the ritual of hallowed Communion. Begins with a gathering hymn, psalm or anthemPriest or pastor greets and welcomes the congregationThe Collect of the Day is prayed, describeed by the lessons from the Scriptures A sermon is preachedThe presentation and mental test of the candidates takes place Baptismal Covenant is prayed and petitions are offered for the candidates Prayers of thanksgiving and blessing are then prayed over the water Prayers of consecration are prayed over the crude oils of ChrismTh e Baptism takes placeThe Lords prayer is prayedA concluding prayer is prayedCatholic Sacrament of BaptismBaptism is often corporate into the celebration of the Eucharist In particular the celebration of the Easter VigilBegins with a welcome and greeting from the Priest or deacon Questioning of the parents and God parents to brook their wish for Baptism Priest or deacon and the parents and God parents trace the sign of the cross on the childs brow The liturgy of the word followsIncludes readings from the bible and a homily from the Priest or deacon Homily is followed by the solemnity of legal ouster and the anointing with oil pees of the baptismal baptistery are then gayThose present make a trade of faith, including a renunciation of sin on behlaf The Baptism follows, usually involving a pouring of water on the babys taper The child is then clothed in a white baptismal dress outParents and God parents generate a baptismal candlePriest or Deacon prays the prayer of Ephphat ha asking that the childs ears give be open to receive the word of God and that their mouth allow be open to proclaim the church doctrine singing The Our Father is then prayed followed by a finalblessingOrthodoxOrthodox Churches celebrate the sacrament of Baptism within a wider sacrament of initiation Also includes Chrismation (anointing) and EucharistBaptism involves the full ingress of the child three times in the baptismal font The triple immersion parallels the belief in the TrinityPrayers coinciding with the immersion importune the Father, Son and Spirit Baptism is followed immediately by the anointing of the body with oils and the proclamation of the cachet of the divine Spirit This is known as ChrismationChild receives Eucharist immediately afterAdult BaptismAll Christian denominations which practice baptism incorporate a solemnity for the baptism of adults Among the Anglican, Catholic and Orthodox Churches the majority of people are baptised as children Among some Protestant Churches infant baptism is not undecomposed at all These Churches believe that baptism should be conferred only after a person has made a conscious decision to believe in deliverer Christ Churches such as the Baptist Church and most pentecostal Churches such as Assemblies of God practice adult baptism Also known as believer baptismBaptism in the spritChurches which exclusively practice adult or believer baptism generally do not accept the hardiness of an infant baptism in another(prenominal) Christian denomination Require a bite baptism or a confirmation of baptism sometimes referred to as baptism in the Spirit. Baptism is regarded as an ordinance in Baptist ChurchesIt is some that has been ordered or required of them by rescuer as indicated in the bible Baptist traditionIn the Baptist tradition, believer baptism would normally be held as part of the Sunday worship service Most Baptist Churches are designed with abaptismal area to allow for the full immersion of bel ievers Usually at the front of the Church and adjacent to enclosed areas to allow those being defecate by bandaging in a baptismal line up and also to change from the wet equip after the baptism The Baptist service often includes a testimony by the person being baptised who publicly declares their faith in Jesus. Pentecostal churchesIn Pentecostal Churches there are few set patterns or ordinances Baptism is usually done through full immersionmany Pentecostal groups will carry out baptisms in public places such as beaches, rivers and lakes where full immersion can be undecomposed may also decide to use a swimming pool for the riteSample Response (Describe 3 Marks)Baptism is a significant practice followed by most Christian denominations. It is used as a rite of initiation for people privation to join the Christian community. The core elements of the rite of baptism are the immersion in water or the sprinkling or pouring of water and the profession of faith by, or on behalf of , the person being baptised.While there is considerable variety in the forms of baptism used by various Christian denominations, the core elements of baptism of water and a profession of faith are evident across the spectrum of Christianity. other(a) elements that are frequently include are readings from the bible, a sermon or homily from the presiding minister, the tracing of the sign of the cross on the forehead of the person being baptised, anointing with oil, prayers for the candidate, clothing in a white garment and presentation of a lighted baptismal candle.The most parking area form of baptism involves the baptism of infants, however, some Christian denominations do not accept this practice and will only baptise adults who have made a conscious decision to follow the Christian faith. (184)Demonstrate how the chosen practice expresses the beliefs of ChristianityAncient originsOrigins of the practice of baptism are ancientPre-date Christianity itselfSome Jewish groups were pra ctising baptism prior to the ministry of Jesus. privy the Baptist had baptism as the hallmark of his ministry (Mark 14). Jesus baptismJesus accepted the baptism of thaumaturgy (Mark 19)Gave instructions to his followers to baptise people in his name (Matthew 2819) Baptism has coarse significance in the Christian tradition Expresses a number of serious beliefs. water supply as a central tokenWater as the central tokenization of baptism reflects the belief in God as creator and humankinds dependency on God Calls to nous images of the waters of chaos from the Genesis accounts of creation (Genesis 12) The destructive power of the flood in the story of Noah (Genesis 7-8) The miraculous crossing of the personnel casualty Sea in the accounts of the Exodus (Exodus 14) pic of water also calls to mind the image of the womb and the discussion of rebirth in water and the Spirit in tails Gospel ( basin 3) This imagery of this story closely parallels the Christian understanding of b aptism as a rebirth from original sin into the life of the Spirit The holy one-thirdReconciles adherent with trinity baptised in name of trinity Make disciples of all nations, baptising them in the name of the Father, Son and blessed Spirit (Matthew 2818-20)RepentanceChristian understanding of baptism contains a sense of the compunction highlighted in the ministry of John the Baptist The act of remorse proclaim in Johns baptism expresses the idea of move away(p) from sin which is inviolate to the practice of baptism Christians believe that in baptism they are turning away from or renouncing sin and evil and turning in a positive way to live the life of the Spirit Repent and be baptised every one of you (Acts238) revolt and be baptised and wash away your sins (Acts 2)Spiritual purification which allows adherent to open self to God in reasoned conscience (1Peter 321)Body of Christ salvationBaptism also expresses the belief of Christians in the Church as the body of Christ (1 Corinthians 1213)Christians are baptised into the Church, which is the body of Christ As a consequence of be advance part of this body the believer is able to experience more richly the significance of the death and resurrection of Jesus In a spiritual sense, the believer is able to put down through the body of Christ in the mystery of Jesus destruction and rising All were baptized into Christ Jesus were baptized into his deaththereforejust as Christ was raised from the bloodless and through the glory of the Father, we too may live a new life (Romans 63-4)Promise of utter(a) life to walk in the newness of life (Romans) No one can enter the Kingdom of God without being born of water and the Blessed Spirit John 33-5 previous(predicate) churchEarly Church community as depict in the Acts of the Apostles regarded baptism as a requirement element of salvation (Acts 238) Sign of their repentance, proclaimed their leniency from sin and allowed them to receive the gift of the Ho ly Spirit The beliefs that baptism is integral to salvation, that it signifies repentance and forgiveness of sin and that it allows for the coming of the Spirit are measurable beliefs of the Christian faith that are verbalized in the practice of baptism Symbols and ritualsSymbols used during the rite of baptism also express significant beliefs of the Christian tradition Sign of the cross is used in a number of places in the rite this simple symbol and ritual action expresses the Christian belief in the multiple God which is at the heart of the Christian faith WaterWater is another important symbol and links to many ideas in the Christian tradition Water reflects the belief in rebirth and in cleansing from sin which are at the heart of the Christian church doctrine take vegetable oil is a traditional symbol for heal and strengthAlso used in the sense of mandating or move someone aside for a inventionSeen in the anointing of a king such as the anointing of capital of Minnesota (1 Samuel 101-3) Christians are anointed with oil as a sign of their mandate to character in the ministry of Jesus White garmentThis symbolises the purity of the baptised personExpresses the idea that in baptism the somebody is cleansed from original sin Baptism is therefore a new beginning for ChristiansBaptismal candleIt brings to mind notions of Jesus being the light of the world (John 812) The word of God being a guiding light for people to follow (Psalm 119105) Symbolises the conflict between good and evilLight dispelling the darkness in and through the ministry of Jesus (John 14-6) Expresses the idea of the gifts bestowed on the separate and their province to use these gifts in service to others (Matthew 516) Sample response (Analyse 6 Marks)The practice of baptism is an important rite in most denominations of Christianity. It holds a central place as a rite of initiation and expresses many significant beliefs of the Christian tradition.The use of water as the central sym bol of baptism reflects the belief in God as creator and humankinds dependence on God. It calls to mind images of the accounts of creation (Genesis 12), the flood (Genesis 7-8) and the Exodus. (Exodus 14).The image of water also calls to mind the image of the womb and the discussion of rebirth in water and the Spirit in Johns Gospel (John 3). This imagery of this story closely parallels the Christian understanding of baptism as a rebirth from original sin into the life of the Spirit.The early Church community as depicted in the Acts of the Apostles regarded baptism as a necessary element of salvation (Acts 238).The act of repentance proclaimed in baptism expresses the idea of turning away from sin which is integral to the practice of baptism. Christians believe that in baptism they are turning away from or renouncing sin and evil and turning in a positive way to live the life of the Spirit.The practice of baptism in the Christian tradition also expresses the belief of Christians in the Church as the body of Christ (1 Corinthians 1213). In a spiritual sense, the believer is able to participate through the body of Christ in the mystery of Jesus dying and rising.The symbols used during the rite of baptism also express significant beliefs of the Christian tradition. The most obvious of these is the sign of the cross which is used in a number of places in the rite. This simple symbol and ritual action expresses the Christian belief in the triune God which is at the heart of the Christian faith.The anointing with the oil of Chrism is another important symbol. Oil is a traditional symbol for healing and strength. In baptism, Christians are anointed with oil as a sign of their mandate to grapple in the ministry of Jesus. The use of a white garment symbolises the purity of the baptised person and expresses the idea that in baptism the individual is cleansed from original sin. (374 words)Analyse the significance of this practice for both the individual and the Christia n community importation of baptism for IndividualIntroDefine baptism divers(prenominal) teachings but ordinary importanceThe individual is formally accepted into community care in mission of Church, a rite of conversion signifying maturity and conscious commitment to Christ (where adult baptism is concerned)The individual is invited to share in the rich heritage of the sacrament Parallels with cracking flood, exodus through the red ink Sea new life, regeneration, freedom from thrall (1 Corinthians 10) Jesus baptized then Jesus came from Galilee to the Jordan, to John, to be baptised by him(Matthew 3)The individual repents and is able to receive salvation designation of inherently sinful nature and need for forgiveness Repent purifies individual as a symbolic act of privileged change This is a symbol of baptism, which now saves you also not the removal of diddlysquat from the bodybut it saves you by the resurrection of Jesus Christ 1 Peter 321 Relationship with God prem ise for eternal life Romans talks of being baptised into eternal life so individuals can walk in newness of life All were baptized into Christ Jesus were baptized into his deaththereforejust as Christ was raised from the dead and through the glory of the Father, we too may live a new life (Romans 63-4)Significance for CommunityAffirms the responsibility of the Christian community to support and encourage one another in spiritual development Reinforces importance of roles of parents, godparents/sponsors etc Expands the spiritual home plate of God But when they believed Philip as he preached the good news of the kingdom of God and the name of Jesus Christ, they were baptized, both men and women (Acts 812) this encourages other Christians to continue cattle ranch word Adherents become living stones to be built into the house of God (Deuteronomy 25)Cohesion of see to it after Sunday worship so whole congregation can witness Some churches every year baptise whole congregations ren ewal of baptismal promises and recital of Creed Sample response (Explain 6 Marks)Baptism is a significant practice followed by most Christian denominations. It is used as a rite of initiation for people wishing to join the Christian community. The rite of baptism is significant adherents of Christianity in a number of ways.Firstly it can be regarded as significant because of its ties with the early Christian communities and indeed with Jesus life and ministry itself. second, it can be regarded as significant for the theologicalreflection that if offers to both the individual and the community. Thirdly, it has enormous significance in the thriftiness action of God and the formation of a Christian community. Finally, it has all the significance of an accredited rite of passage for both the individual and the community.The fact that baptism is an ancient ritual is significant for the individual because they walk the same room and share the same rite that has been practiced among C hristians since the earliest days of the Church. It is also important for the Christian community as a whole because in celebrating each rite of baptism they are perpetuating the ancient tradition and honouring the target of Jesus and the early disciples.The rite of baptism has great possibilities for theological reflection. The richness of this reflection is very significant for the individual. There are commodious opportunities for prayerful reflection and spiritual development in the rite of baptism. For the community, the theological richness provides a source of constant reflection and renewal.Further significance of the practice of baptism can be seen in the theological holding of its place in the economy of salvation. This is significant for the individual who, through their baptism, receives the assurance that they have acquire the forgiveness of the sins and the gift of the Holy Spirit. through baptism they are now a member of the body of Christ. The rite of baptism is a profound marker in the life of the community. It label both their growth through the new member of the community and also is witness to their mission to bring the gospel to others.Baptism is also an authentic rite of passage, for the individual there is significance in the sense of belong experienced, the sharing with a community of common mind and faith. The community is impudent when it is engaged in the task of the gospel and enriched by the front line of a new member of the community. (401 words)Sample response (Outline draw a bead on and assess significance 20 Marks)Baptism is clearly a most significant practice for most Christian denominations. It has profound significance for the person who is baptised and is also important for the Christian community as a whole. The significance can be viewed from a number of different perspectives.Firstly it can be regarded as significant because of its ties with the earliest Christian communities and indeed with the life and minist ry itself. Secondly it can be regarded as significant for the theological reflection that if offers to both the individual and the community. Thirdly it has enormous significance in the saving action of God and the formation of a Christian community. Finally it has all the significance of an authentic rite of passage for both the individual and the community.Baptism is an ancient ritual. It has belonged in the life of the Christian community since its parentage and indeed predates the Christian movement in the context of Judaism. It seems apparent that some Jewish groups were practising baptism prior to the ministry of Jesus. Indeed, John the Baptist, who is presented in the evangel as a forerunner to the ministry of Jesus had baptism as the hallmark of his own ministry (Mark 14).Jesus himself accepted the baptism of John (Mark 19) and gave instructions to his followers to baptise people in his name (Matthew 2819). patently the practice of baptism has great significance in the Ch ristian tradition and indeed it relates to and expresses a number of important beliefs.For the earliest Christians baptism was a profoundly significant event and for Christians today, the scuttle of sharing in an event of such ancient significance is rich and rewarding. It is significant for the individual because they walk the same course of instruction and share the same rite that has been practiced among Christians since the earliest days of the Church. It is also important for the Christian community as a whole because in celebrating each rite of baptism they are perpetuating the ancient tradition and honouring the pattern of Jesus and the early disciples. The rite of baptism has great possibilities for theological reflection. There are images of deathand new life which call to mind the death and resurrection of Jesus.There are also Images of creation and renewal which convey an understanding about the great saving actions of the God of Israel. Further aspects of the rite of baptism allow reflection on the struggle between good and evil in the images of light and darkness. Other images call for reflection on the idea of repentance and forgiveness as well as cleansing and renewal. Indeed it is heavy to find significant aspects of Christian theology which are not captured in the tradition, the symbols and the ritual actions associated with the practice of baptism.The richness of this reflection is very significant for the individual. Whether it be for the candidate preparing for their own baptism or a parent or God parent preparing for a childs baptism, there are abounding opportunities for prayerful reflection and spiritual development in the rite of baptism. Many Churches invite candidates to prepare for baptism or to prepare for their role as parents or God parents through engaging in a eagerness course which helps them make connections between theological themes and their own experience.For the community, the theological richness provides a source of constant reflection and renewal. Many Christian communities invite congregations to renew their own baptismal promises on the occasion of baptisms in the local Church community. These occasions challenge the members of the community to constantly reflect on their vocation as Christians and the significance of their own baptism. The involvement of the community in assisting candidates prepare for their baptism and praying for those involved is yet another prop of the significance for the community.Further significance of the practice of baptism can be seen in the theological dimension of its place in the economy of salvation. The early Church community as depicted in the Acts of the Apostles regarded baptism as a necessary element of salvation (Acts 238). It was a sign of their repentance, proclaimed their forgiveness from sin and allowed them to receive the gift of the Holy Spirit. The beliefs that baptism is integral to salvation, that it signifies repentance and forgiveness of sin and that itallows for the coming of the Spirit are important beliefs of the Christian faith that are expressed in the practice of baptism.This is significant for the individual who through their baptism receives the assurance that they have received the forgiveness of the sins and the gift of the Holy Spirit. Through baptism they are now a member of the body of Christ. The rite of baptism is a profound marker in the life of the community. It mark both their growth through the new member of the community and also is witness to their mission to bring the gospel to others.Baptism is also an authentic rite of passage. It marks the renewal of the individual from one stage or state in life onto the next. In terms of the Christian community it marks the transition of a person from being outside of this community to becoming a fully initiated.Thus for the individual there is significance in the sense of belonging experienced, the sharing with a community of common mind and faith. For the community, the process of supporting a person through their preparation and take them into the community through baptism is also super significant. The community is invigorated when it is engaged in the task of the gospel and enriched by the presence of a new member of the community.